Table 4.
Logistic regression exploring the odds of having a syndrome (excluding isolated Pierre Robin Sequence) for each structural and functional anomaly present versus absent anomaly, with models adjusted for cleft subtype and biological sex (overall n = 1546).
| Individual Structural and Functional Anomalies (n) | Prevalence of Children Diagnosed with a Syndrome (Excluding Isolated PRS) If Specified Anomaly Has Been Identified | Diagnosed Syndrome (Excluding Isolated PRS) | Diagnosed and Suspected Syndrome d Combined (Excluding Isolated PRS) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds Ratio (OR) c | p (ϐ = 0.001563) | 95% CIs | Odds Ratio (OR) c | p (ϐ = 0.001563) | 95% CIs | ||
| Epilepsy/fits/convulsions (n = 31) | 0.45 | 6.67 | 9.20 × 10−7 | 3.13, 14.23 | 9.92 | 2.90 × 10−7 | 4.13, 23.83 |
| Cerebral palsy (n = 10) | ¥ | 10.49 | 5.00 × 10−4 | 2.80, 39.39 | * | ||
| Developmental delay (n = 178) | 0.45 | 8.47 | 1.40 × 10−30 | 5.89, 12.20 | 32.48 | 7.30 × 10−39 | 19.25, 54.80 |
| Other neurological condition (n = 55) | 0.38 | 4.64 | 3.10 × 10−7 | 2.58, 8.35 | 18.85 | 2.00 × 10−12 | 8.32, 42.74 |
| Heart condition (n = 81) | 0.41 | 4.92 | 1.40 × 10−10 | 3.02, 7.99 | 14.98 | 6.60 × 10−17 | 7.94, 28.26 |
| Lung condition (n = 22) | 0.41 | 3.99 | 2.30 × 10−3 | 1.64, 9.70 | 13.82 | 3.40 × 10−5 | 3.99, 47.87 |
| Immune deficiency (n = 22) | 0.64 | 12.49 | 6.60 × 10−8 | 4.99, 31.21 | * | ||
| Other problems with heart/lungs/immune system (n = 67) | 0.30 | 3.31 | 3.30 × 10−5 | 1.88, 5.82 | 13.52 | 5.70 × 10−15 | 7.03, 25.98 |
| Skeletal condition (n = 27) | 0.67 | 11.23 | 1.20 × 10−8 | 4.89, 25.80 | 50.36 | 1.30 × 10−4 | 6.78, 374.18 |
| Other skin/musculoskeletal condition (n = 92) | 0.43 | 6.40 | 2.90 × 10−15 | 4.04, 10.14 | 17.25 | 6.00 × 10−20 | 9.37, 31.76 |
| Thyroid condition (n = 9) | ¥ | 4.93 | 0.022 | 1.25, 19.37 | 4.55 | 0.039 | 1.08, 19.11 |
| Abnormal calcium levels (n = 7) | ¥ | 39.02 | 9.10 × 10−4 | 4.47, 340.17 | * | ||
| Blood condition (n = 7) | ¥ | 2.71 | 0.249 | 0.50, 14.83 | 15.92 | 0.012 | 1.83, 138.40 |
| Other metabolic condition (n = 11) | ¥ | 12.92 | 9.20 × 10−5 | 3.58, 46.59 | * | ||
| Severe/persistent vomiting (n = 28) | 0.68 | 13.21 | 1.10 × 10−9 | 5.76, 30.28 | 17.55 | 3.90 × 10−6 | 5.20, 59.21 |
| Severe/persistent diarrhoea (n = 12) | ¥ | 2.75 | 0.145 | 0.71, 10.72 | 7.99 | 2.40 × 10−3 | 2.09, 30.57 |
| Severe/persistent gut abnormalities (n = 15) | 0.60 | 10.31 | 2.40 × 10−5 | 3.49, 30.46 | 32.98 | 8.30 × 10−4 | 4.25, 256.07 |
| Liver problems (n = 9) | ¥ | 3.24 | 0.109 | 0.77, 13.63 | 7.63 | 0.013 | 1.54, 37.72 |
| Jaundice (n = 64) | 0.27 | 2.73 | 9.40 × 10−4 | 1.51, 4.94 | 5.05 | 5.50 × 10−9 | 2.93, 8.70 |
| Failure to gain weight or grow (n = 75) | 0.49 | 7.94 | 4.80 × 10−16 | 4.82, 13.10 | 17.07 | 5.60 × 10−16 | 8.59, 33.92 |
| Other abdominal condition (n = 73) | 0.19 | 1.62 | 0.125 | 0.87, 3.01 | 11.37 | 4.30 × 10−15 | 6.20, 20.88 |
| Kidney/bladder problems (n = 35) | 0.46 | 5.89 | 8.90 × 10−7 | 2.90, 11.94 | 5.97 | 4.30 × 10−6 | 2.79, 12.81 |
| Development problems with cheekbones (n = 6) | ¥ | 50.39 | 4.50 × 10−4 | 5.64, 450.27 | * | ||
| Development problems with jaw (n = 69) | 0.55 | 8.62 | 3.90 × 10−16 | 5.13, 14.49 | 14.00 | 6.90 × 10−14 | 7.02, 27.93 |
| Development problems with tongue (n = 24) | 0.63 | 10.22 | 1.50 × 10−7 | 4.29, 24.34 | 48.59 | 1.60 × 10−4 | 6.48, 364.56 |
| Development problems with hands (n = 24) | 0.75 | 20.53 | 8.50 × 10−10 | 7.82, 53.90 | * | ||
| Other development condition (n = 69) | 0.45 | 6.08 | 8.60 × 10−12 | 3.62, 10.22 | 15.59 | 8.40 × 10−15 | 7.79, 31.19 |
| Development problems with eyes (including difficulties with vision or blindness) a (n = 183) | 0.32 | 3.96 | 2.50 × 10−13 | 2.74, 5.72 | 8.40 | 3.50 × 10−31 | 5.87, 12.03 |
| Development problems with ears (including hearing loss or impairment) a (n = 418) | 0.20 | 2.06 | 1.40 × 10−5 | 1.49, 2.86 | 6.92 | 1.00 × 10−47 | 5.33, 8.98 |
| Development problems with spine (including spine conditions) a (n = 21) | 0.62 | 11.18 | 3.40 × 10−7 | 4.42, 28.27 | * | ||
| Development problems with feet (including talipes) a (n = 69) | 0.42 | 4.92 | 1.80 × 10−9 | 2.93, 8.26 | 13.47 | 2.50 × 10−14 | 6.90, 26.30 |
| Hypospadias (males only) b (n = 12) | 0.50 | 7.54 | 9.50 × 10−4 | 2.27, 25.01 | 7.21 | 4.40 × 10−3 | 1.85, 28.08 |
ϐ—Bonferroni correction; 95% CIs—95% confidence intervals; a combined categories; b males only, n = 983; c odds of having a syndrome if anomaly is present versus if absent; d syndrome suspected where child has two or more structural and functional anomalies; ¥ prevalence cannot be reported due to cell counts of less than 5; * model omitted due to collinearity; Pierre Robin sequence (PRS).