Table 1.
Characteristics of participants included in the validation study by prevalent diagnosed CVD.
| Characteristics | All | Diagnosed CVD | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | |||
| (n = 6762) | (n = 319) | (n = 6443) | ||
| Age, years | 63.5 (9.6) | 68.0 (10.1) | 63.3 (9.5) | <0.001 |
| Sex | ||||
| Women, % | 3515 (52.0) | 95 (29.8) | 3420 (53.1) | <0.001 |
| Men, % | 3247 (48.0) | 224 (70.2) | 3023 (46.9) | |
| Ethnicity, % | <0.001 | |||
| Chinese | 2661 (39.4) | 81 (25.4) | 2580 (40.0) | |
| Malay | 1901 (28.1) | 107 (33.5) | 1794 (27.8) | |
| Indian | 2200 (32.5) | 131 (41.1) | 2069 (32.1) | |
| Education level *, % | <0.001 | |||
| Primary/below | 3682 (54.5) | 220 (69.2) | 3462 (53.8) | |
| Secondary/above | 3075 (45.5) | 98 (30.8) | 2977 (46.2) | |
| BMI Category, * % | 0.9 | |||
| Underweight | 266 (4.0) | 12 (4.0) | 254 (4.0) | |
| Normal | 3113 (46.7) | 134 (44.4) | 2979 (46.8) | |
| Overweight | 2313 (34.7) | 109 (36.1) | 2204 (34.7) | |
| Obese | 970 (14.6) | 47 (15.6) | 923 (14.5) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.5 (4.7) | 25.5 (4.8) | 25.5 (4.7) | 0.8 |
| Current smoking, % | 873 (12.9) | 76 (23.9) | 797 (12.4) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol consumption, % | 530 (7.9) | 26 (8.3) | 504 (7.9) | 0.9 |
| Diabetes, yes, % | 2091 (30.9) | 154 (48.4) | 1937 (30.1) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, yes, % | 4698 (69.8) | 287 (90.5) | 4411 (68.7) | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia, yes, % | 3802 (60.5) | 232 (81.7) | 3570 (59.5) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.4 (1.2) | 4.6 (1.2) | 5.4 (1.2) | <0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.3 (0.3) | 1.2 (0.3) | 1.3 (0.3) | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: BMI: body mass index; HDL: high-density lipoprotein. * Missing numbers for education level (n = 5) and BMI (n = 10).