Table 1.
Demographics and clinical scores.
| HC N = 19 |
AD N = 15 |
LBD a N = 32 |
Statistics | Post-Hoc Test | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (Mean ± S.E.) | 75.79 ± 1.26 | 74.47 ± 2.19 | 75.16 ± 1.07 | F(2,63) = 0.17 | HC =AD = LBD b |
| Education (Level A:B:C:D) | 0:12:1:6 | 0:10:2:3 | 3:21:4:4 | χ2(6) = 6.13 | HC = AD = LBD c |
| Gender (female:male) | 5:14 | 5:10 | 4:28 | χ2(2) = 3.06 | HC = AD = LBD c |
| Handedness (right:left:ambidextrous) | 18:1:0 | 14:1:0 | 30:0:2 | χ2(4) = 4.06 | HC = AD = LBD c |
| CAMCOG (Mean ± S.E.) | 96.89 ± 0.84 | 73.07 ± 2.73 | 75.22 ± 2.23 | F(2,63) = 31.69 *** | HC > AD = LBD d |
| MMSE (Mean ± S.E.) | 29.26 ± 0.18 | 21.86 ± 0.92 | 23.22 ± 0.63 | F(2,63) = 31.35 *** | HC > AD = LBD d |
| UPDRS (Mean ± S.E.) | 1.05 ± 0.33 | 2.07 ± 0.45 | 20.84 ± 1.52 | F(2,63) = 81.61 *** | HC = AD < LBD d |
| NPI total (Mean ± S.E.) | - | 8.67 ± 1.94 | 13.81 ± 1.80 | T(45) = −1.73 | AD = LBD e |
| NPI hallucination (Mean ± S.E.) | - | 0.07 ± 0.06 | 1.84 ± 0.40 | T(32.61) = −4.28 *** | AD <<< LBD e |
| CAF(Mean ± S.E.) | - | 0.67 ± 0.43 | 4.88 ± 0.81 | T(43.26) = −4.54 *** | AD <<< LBD e |
‘Education for Level A, B, C and D’ means years of education less than 9 years (level A), 9–11 years (level B), 12–13 years (level C) and more than 14 years (level D). Total scores for CAMCOG, MMSE, UPDRS, CAF are illustrated; ‘a’ indicates that LBD consists of 14 PDD and 18 DLB patients, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’ and ‘e’ indicate that the post-hoc method is Tukey, Pearson chi square, Tamhane’s and Independent-sample T tests, respectively; The symbols, ‘<<<’ and ‘***’ indicate p ≤ 0.001; the symbols of ‘>’ and ‘<’ indicate p ≤ 0.05, the symbol of ‘=’ for post-hoc tests indicates p > 0.05. The unit of education or age is ‘years’. The between-group one-way ANOVA was used for the statistical analyses for age, CAMCOG, MMSE and UPDRS, respectively. The scores of NPI total, NPI hallucination and CAF are based on independent-sample T tests. The analyses of education, gender and handedness were via chi-square tests. S.E. means standard errors.