AGA	Androgenetic alopecia
DHT	Dihydrotestosterone
HFDPCs	Hair follicle dermal papilla cells
HMSNs	Hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles
MSNs	Mesoporous silica nanoparticles
Caf	Caffeine
Caf@HMSNs	Caffeine-loaded hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles
Lp-Caf@HMSNs	Caffeine-loaded hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles coated with liposomes
ULs	Ultradeformable liposomes
ULp-Caf@HMSNs	Caffeine-loaded hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles coated with ultradeformable liposomes
LpTW20-Caf@HMSNs	Caffeine-loaded HMSNs coated with a liposome containing polysorbate 20. (coated with ULs)
LpTW80-Caf@HMSNs	Caffeine-loaded HMSNs coated with a liposome containing polysorbate 80. (coated with ULs)
LpTW2080-Caf@HMSNs	Caffeine-loaded HMSNs coated with a liposome containing a 1:1 mixture of polysorbate 20 and polysorbate 80. (coated with ULs)
Caf@HMSNs	Caffeine-loaded HMSNs without a liposome coating.
Caf@LpTW20	Caffeine-loaded liposomes containing polysorbate 20. (coated with ULs)
ULpTW-HMSNs	HMSNs coated with a liposome containing polysorbate. (coated with ULs)
LpTW20-HMSNs	HMSNs coated with a liposome containing polysorbate 20. (coated with ULs)
LpTW80-HMSNs	HMSNs coated with a liposome containing polysorbate 80. (coated with ULs)
LpTW2080-HMSNs	HMSNs coated with a liposome containing a 1:1 mixture of polysorbate 20 and polysorbate 80. (coated with ULs)
Lp-HMSNs	HMSNs coated with a liposome without polysorbate or oleic acid.
FITC	Fluorescein isothiocyanate
FITC@HMSNs	FITC-loaded hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles
LpTW20-FITC@HMSNs	FITC-loaded HMSNs coated with a liposome containing polysorbate 20. (coated with ULs)
CTAB	Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide
DCF-DA	2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate
DLS	Dynamic light scattering
DMEM	Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s Medium
DMSO	Dimethyl sulfoxide
FBS	Fetal bovine serum
Jss	Steady-state flux
MNX	Minoxidil
Papp	Apparent permeability coefficient
PBS	Phosphate-buffered saline
ROS	Reactive Oxygen Species
TEOS	Tetraethoxysilane
TMOS	Tetramethoxysilane
EtOH	Ethanol
MeOH	Methanol
TEM	Transmission electron microscopy
SEM	Scanning electron microscopy
CLSM	Confocal laser scanning microscopy
HPLC	High-performance liquid chromatography
FT-IR	Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
XRD	X-ray diffraction
%EE	% Entrapment efficiency
%LC	% Loading capacity
MTT	(3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide)
PDI	Polydispersity index
IUPAC	The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
BET	Brunauer–Emmett–Teller
BJH	Barrett–Joyner–Halenda
TGA	Thermogravimetric analysis
Td10	10% weight-loss temperatures
SD	Standard deviation
HLB	Hydrophilic–lipophilic balance
SC	Stratum corneum