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. 2024 Nov 11;12(11):2284. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms12112284

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© 2024 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Adhesion characteristics of LabMAX-3 in the MDCK cell line. (A) Adhesion (CFU/mL) of probiotic cultures to MDCK cells. (B) Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay from MDCK cells during the LabMAX-3 adhesion experiment. (C) Light microscopic analysis of cell monolayer integrity during probiotic adhesion experiment. Scale: 25 µm. (D) Giemsa staining of MDCK cells after probiotic exposure. LabMAX-3 forms biofilm-like structures in patches (arrows) on MDCK cell monolayers. Scale: 50 µm.; NS, not significant.