Figure 1.

Molecular mechanisms of the anti-atherosclerotic effect of SGLT2-i. SGLT2-i reduce the expression of adhesion molecules, such as vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 and intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, which promote the recruitment of circulating monocytes into the vascular layer, suppress NLPR3 inflammasome with consequent reduction in IL-1beta levels, and upregulate autophagy, restoring the phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity. (Created with BioRender.com).