Table 2.

Literature data on the effect of INSTIs on gut microbiota in PLWH.

Study Title	Author	Publication Year	Participants	INSTI Mediated Alpha Diversity Changes	INSTI Mediated Beta Diversity Changes	INSTI Mediated Changes in Microbiome Composition	Stool Sample Analysis	INSTI Mediated Change on Bacterial Translocation or Systematic Inflammation Markers
Integrase Inhibitors Partially Restore Bacterial Translocation, Inflammation and Gut Permeability Induced by HIV Infection: Impact on Gut Microbiota	Villoslada-Blanco et al. [101]	2022	PLWH on INSTI treatment vs. ART-naïve PLWH vs. seronegative controls	INSTI restored alpha diversity (Chao1)	Seronegative controls differed significantly independent of ART treatment	➢Restored Prevotella 2 ➢Bacteroidetes phylum ↓ ➢Spirochaetes and Cyanobacteria phyla ↑ ➢Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria phyla ↓	16S rRNS gene sequencing	➢sCD14 ↓ ➢LBP ↓ ➢Fecal calprotectin ↓ ➢IL-6 unchanged ➢TNF-alpha ↑
Impact of HIV infection and integrase strand transfer inhibitors-based treatment on the gut virome	Villoslada-Blanco et al. [97]	2022	PLWH on INSTI treatment vs. ART-naïve PLWH vs. seronegative controls	INSTI restored alpha diversity among bacteriophages (Fisher’s alpha indexes)	Seronegative controls differed significantly independent of ART treatment regarding bacteriophage composition	➢Lysogenic phage ↑ independent of ART ➢Proteobacteria-infecting phage ↓	16S rRNS gene sequencing	-