Table 4.

Study results on the INSTI- versus NNRTI-based treatment effects on gut microbiota in PLWH.

Study Title	Author	Publication Year	Participants	ART Mediated Alpha Diversity Changes	ART Mediated Beta Diversity Changes	ART Mediated Changes in Microbiome Composition	Stool Sample Analysis	ART Mediated Change on Bacterial Translocation or Systematic Inflammation Markers
Exploring the interplay between antiretroviral therapy and the gut-oral microbiome axis in people living with HIV	Narayanan et al. [25]	2024	NNRTI vs. INSTI treated PLWH vs. seronegative individuals	-	-	➢INSTI: Faecalibacterium and Bifidobacterium ↑ ➢Bictegravir: Bifidobacterium, Butyricimonas and Butyricicoccus ↑ ➢Dolutegravir: Faecalibacterium and Ruminococcus gauvreauii ↑ ➢NNRTI: Gordonibacter, Megasphaera, Staphylococcus ↑	16S rRNS gene sequencing	-
Differential effects of antiretrovirals on microbial translocation and gut microbiota composition of HIV-infected patients	Villanueva-Millán et al. [44]	2017	NNRTI vs. INSTI treated PLWH vs. ART-naïve PLWH vs. seronegative individuals	➢INSTI: alpha restore ➢NNRTI: partial restoration	-	INSTI: ➢δ-Proteobacteria ↑ ➢Less reduction in Clostridiales class ➢Less abundance of Desulfovibrio sp. 6 ➢Lachnospiraceae ↓ ➢NNRTI: ➢Lachnospiraceae families and Pseudomononas genus ↑ ➢Bacteroidales order, Bacteroidaceae family and Streptococcus genus ↓	16S rDNA pyrosequencing	➢INSTI: sCD14 levels tendency to seronegative controls ➢NNRTI: sCD14 levels significantly elevated
Gut microbiota alterations after switching from a protease inhibitor or efavirenz to raltegravir in a randomized, controlled study	Hanttu et al. [103]	2023	NNRTI-based to INSTI-based vs. PI-based to INSTI-based vs. NNRT-based vs. PI-based ART vs. seronegative controls	INSTI: alpha diversity restored	-	NNRTI to INSTI: ➢Prevotella 9 ↑ ➢Phascolarctobacterium ↓ ➢Bacteroides ↓	16S rRNS gene sequencing	NNRTI to INSTI: I-FABP and LBP unchanged
Characterization of the intestinal microbiota in MSM with HIV infection	Fu et al. [104]	2024	NNRTI-based vs. INSTI-based vs. PI-based ART vs. ART-naïve PLWH vs. seronegative controls	NNRTI: reduced alpha diversity compared to ART-naïve PLWH	NNRTI: significantly different beta diversity compared to ART-naïve PLWH	NNRTI: ➢Fusobacteria ↑ ➢Actinobacteria ↓ ➢Euryarchaeota ↓ ➢Fusobacterium genus ↑ ➢Faecalibacterium ↓ ➢Escherichia ↓	16S rRNS gene sequencing	-