Table 3.
Bone and angiogenetic biomarkers of the study cohort by osteonecrosis.
| Variable | Osteonecrosis—Free | Osteonecrosis—Historical | Osteonecrosis—Incident | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Osteonectin, pg/mL, median (IQR) | 769,231 (508,562.5–971,934) |
785,403.5 (585,508–1,003,565) |
322,027 (124,400.5–857,722.5) |
0.306 |
| Osteopontin, pg/mL, median (IQR) | 14,462 (10,057–22,202.5) |
18,474 (11,951.25–23,575.25) |
24,113 (13,754–34,091) |
0.010 1, 2 ≠ 0 ‡ |
| Osteocalcin, pg/mL, median (IQR) |
28,629 (19,786–34,474.5) |
26,751 (19,038–35,658.5) |
28,341 (17,304–45,209) |
0.576 |
| MMP-1, pg/mL, median (IQR) |
4945 (1699–11,427) |
5378.5 (2889.75–8872) |
3058 (980–6332) |
0.253 |
| MMP-2, pg/mL, median (IQR) |
10,7193 (95,016.5–122,201) |
116,699.5 (102,860.8–129,362.3) |
119,970 (113,784–127,694) |
0.017 1, 2 ≠ 0 ‡ |
| MMP-3, pg/mL, median (IQR) |
12,663 (7838.5–18,749.5) |
12,721.5 (9052.5–17,771.25) |
12,314 (10,295–18,204) |
0.627 |
| MMP-9, pg/mL, median (IQR) |
121,223 (68,135.5–195,583.5) |
126,312 (58,997–165,988.3) |
38,711 (24,822–72,420) |
0.001 2 ≠ 1,0 ‡ |
| MMP-10, pg/mL, median (IQR) |
1113 (745.5–1408) |
1095 (892.75–1425.25) |
919 (571–974) |
0.058 |
| TIMP-1, pg/mL, median (IQR) |
299,558 (215,000.5–34,8074) |
306,410.5 (190,432.5–360,033.5) |
190,183 (161,362–285,583) |
0.147 |
| Osteoprotegerin, pg/mL, median (IQR) | 297 (229–381) |
314 (251.75–407) |
284 (239–406) |
0.589 |
| FGF, pg/mL, median (IQR) |
3 (1.85–5.1) |
3.8 (2.4–6.125) |
3 (2–3.7) |
0.156 |
| FLT-1, pg/mL, median (IQR) |
92.7 (70.75–113.55) |
92.65 (72.1–116.8) |
83.6 (67.1–127.8) |
0.834 |
| PLGF, pg/mL, median (IQR) |
6.8 (5.5–8.2) |
6.1 (4.875–7.5) |
5.8 (5.1–7.3) |
0.098 |
| TIE-2, pg/mL, median (IQR) |
5162 (4314.5–5693.5) |
4786.5 (3964.75–5752.25) |
4820 (4348–5088) |
0.634 |
| VEGF-A, pg/mL, median (IQR) |
185.7 (84.55–298.25) |
182.35 (69.225–504.68) |
73.1 (37–127) |
0.056 |
| VEGF-C, pg/mL, median (IQR) |
342.4 (64.6–505.4) |
304.3 (81.05–471.4) |
80.9 (49.1–136.9) |
0.036 2 ≠ 1, 0 ‡ |
| VEGF-D, pg/mL, median (IQR) |
1246 (1001.5–1880.5) |
1260 (966–1735) |
854 (696–1318) |
0.072 |
Continuous variables presented as median (interquartile range, IQR). FGF = fibroblast growth factor; FLT-1 = vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1; MMP = matrix metalloproteinase; PLGF = placental growth factor; TIE-2 = angiopoietin-1 receptor; TIMP-1 = tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1; VEGF = vascular endothelial growth factor. Kruskal–Wallis one-way ANOVA test; ‡ Dunn’s post-hoc test (0 = osteonecrosis-free; 1 = historical osteonecrosis; 2 = incident osteonecrosis).