Table 5.

comparative table of human studies about SGLT2i effects on endothelial function.

Author publication date	Cohort size	Molecule Duration	Investigation group	Control group	Endothelial function	Result
Solini, 2017[18]	26	Dapagliflozin 48 hr	T2DM 40–70 yo, HBA1c < 6.4%, no renal or CV significant disease	Hydrochlorothiazide	Δ FMD%	P = .02
Solini, 2019[19]	40	Dapagliflozin 4 wk	T2DM and hypertensives, 40–75 yo, HBA1c < 6.4%, no renal or CV significant disease	Hydrochlorothiazide	ΔFMD% Circulating miRNAs: miR27b and miR200b	NS NS
Shigiyama, 2017[20]	80	Dapagliflozin	T2DM, 20–74 yo, HBA1C 6% to 8% no significant CV disease or severe renal insufficiency	Metformin	ΔFMD% ΔFMD% in patients with HBA1C > 7%	NS P < .05
Zainordin, 2020[21]	72	Dapagliflozin	High risk T2DM 30–75 yo with HBA1c 7% to 10.5%, and an established ischemic heart disease significant renal insufficiency	Placebo	ΔFMD ICAM-1 eNOS	NS NS NS
Sakai, 2019[7]	184	3 study arms Empagliflozin (10–25 mg), luseogliflozin (2.5–5 mg), tofogliflozin (20 mg) 3 mo	HFpEF and T2DM	–	Δ FMD%	P < .05
Correale, 2022[8]	55	Empagliflozin (14), Dapagliflozin (4) canagliflozin (3) 3 mo	HF and T2DM without moderate or severe renal insufficiency	Observational study. Other antidiabetic drugs in patients who did not switch to SGLT2i despite HF	Δ FMD%	<0.001
Our study	113	Dapagliflozin 3 mo	ACS patients either diabetic or non-diabetic patients, without restriction for renal function unless contraindicating SGLT2i use	Observational study. Patients who did not use SGLT2i for diabetes or HF	Δ FMD%	P < .001

Δ = change from baseline, ACS = acute coronary syndrome, CV = cardiovascular, FMD = flow-mediated dilation, HBA1c = Glycated hemoglobin, HFpEF = heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, ICAM-1 = intercellular adhesion molecule 1, eNOS = endothelial nitric oxide synthase, T2DM =type2 diabetes mellitus.