Table 1.
Key findings of NP-loaded MMMs in water treatment.
| S. No | Nanoparticles | Polymer | Key Findings | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ag-NPs | PES + PVP | Enhanced hydrophilicity, water permeability, protein flux, and BSA rejection | [85] |
| 2 | Cu-NPs | PES % | Superior antifouling and protein rejection compared to a pristine PES membrane | [86] |
| 3 | CuO-NPs | TFC-RO membrane on PSf substrate | Improved anti-biofouling but compromised desalination performance | [87] |
| 4 | Alumina (Al2O3) and Linda type L (LTL) zeolite NPs | PSF and PVP | Greater anti-adhesion efficiency to either P. aeruginosa or E. coli | [88] |
| 5 | Iron oxide (FeO) | PES | Enhanced hydrophilicity, flux, and salt rejection. | [89] |
| 6 | Zeoliticimidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) |
PVDF | Increased water flux, high permeability, and FRR % | [90] |
| 7 | TiO2 | PES | Enhanced PWF, antifouling, and low flux decline. | [91] |