Table 2.
NP-loaded MMMs for dye removal.
| S. No | Type of Dye | Nanoparticles | Polymeric | % Removal | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Congo Red (CR) | Cobalt | PU | 60 | [108] |
| 2. | ZnO | PSf/PVA | 53.5 | [109] | |
| 3. | Mesoporous silica | PVDF/PTFE | 99% | [110] | |
| 4. | Hydrogen titanate | Chitosan | 98.7 | [111] | |
| 5. | TiO2 | PVDF-co-hexafluoropropylene (HFP) | >99.8 | [112] | |
| 6. | Indigo Dye | TiO2 | PVDF | 6.1 μmol L−1 min−1 | [113] |
| 7. | FeO-NPs | Sulfonated waste-expanded polystyrene | 99% | [114] | |
| 8. | Methyl Orange (MO) | Hyperbranched polyethyleneimine (HPEI)-templated TiO2 | PES | 70.3% | [115] |
| 9. | MO | ZnO | CA | 75% | [116] |
| 10. | MO, Methylene Blue (MB), and Rhodamine B (RhB) | Polydopamine (PDA)-immobilized TiO2 | Bacterial cellulose (BC) | MO-95.1% MB-99.5% RhB-100% |
[117] |
| 11. | MO and Allura Red | Polyaniline-titanium nanotubes | PVDF | MO-90% AR-88% |
[118] |
| 12. | RhB | Copper sulfide (Cus)/gelatin | PVA | 81% | [119] |