Table 2.
Clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients with invasive listeriosis.
| Total (N = 118) | In-Hospital Survival (N = 75) | In-Hospital Death (N = 43) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | No. (%) | p-Value | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | ||
| Symptoms and signs | |||||
| Fever | 111 (94.1) | 69 (92.0) | 42 (97.7) | 0.238 | 3.65 (0.60–70.24) |
| Nausea or vomiting | 80 (67.8) | 57 (76.0) | 23 (53.5) | 0.013 * | 0.36 (0.16–0.80) |
| Myalgia | 52 (44.1) | 40 (53.3) | 12 (27.9) | 0.008 * | 0.34 (0.15–0.74) |
| Abdominal pain | 46 (39.0) | 27 (36.0) | 19 (44.2) | 0.381 | 1.41 (0.65–3.03) |
| Diarrhea | 39 (33.1) | 28 (37.3) | 11 (25.6) | 0.194 | 0.58 (0.24–1.30) |
| Headache | 37 (31.4) | 31 (41.3) | 6 (14.0) | 0.003 * | 0.23 (0.08–0.58) |
| Confusion | 53 (44.9) | 14 (18.7) | 39 (90.7) | 0.000 * | 42.48 (14.38–160.00) |
| Dyspnea | 66 (55.9) | 35 (46.7) | 31 (72.1) | 0.008 * | 2.95 (1.34–6.80) |
| Complications | |||||
| Shock | 38 (32.2) | 9 (12) | 29 (67.4) | 0.000 * | 15.19 (6.14–41.08) |
| Respiratory failure | 50 (42.4) | 13 (17.3) | 37 (86.1) | 0.000 * | 29.41 (10.97–91.50) |
| SBP ≤ 100 (mmHg) | 51 (43.2) | 16 (21.3) | 35 (81.4) | 0.000 * | 16.13 (6.55–44.05) |
| Altered mental status | 53 (44.9) | 14 (18.7) | 39 (90.7) | 0.000 * | 42.48 (14.38–160.00) |
| RR ≥ 22 (BPM) | 56 (47.5) | 16 (21.3) | 40 (93.0) | 0.000 * | 49.17 (15.39–222.52) |
| qSOFA score ≥ 2 | 45 (38.1) | 3 (7.0) | 70 (93.3) | 0.000 * | 186.67 (48.96–1005.23) |
| Laboratory data (mean ± SD) | |||||
| Hospital Day 1 | |||||
| WBC (k/μL) | 11.92 ± 13.93 | 12.67 ± 16.83 | 10.63 ± 6.22 | 0.455 | 0.99 (0.95–1.02) |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 10.54 ± 2.69 | 10.71 ± 2.78 | 10.23 ± 2.52 | 0.352 | 0.93 (0.81–1.08) |
| Platelet (k/μL) | 157.34 ± 92.07 | 160.88 ± 90.11 | 151.16 ± 96.16 | 0.580 | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) |
| PMN (%) | 76.88 ± 18.70 | 75.20 ± 20.01 | 79.81 ± 15.97 | 0.207 | 1.02 (0.99–1.04) |
| ANC (/μL) | 7979.34 ± 5640.54 | 7540.71 ± 5474.45 | 8744.40 ± 5906.19 | 0.267 | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) |
| Lymphocyte (%) | 12.22 ± 10.44 | 12.51 ± 9.33 | 11.72 ± 12.23 | 0.693 | 0.99 (0.95–1.03) |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 43.50 ± 45.14 | 35.84 ± 36.39 | 56.71 ± 55.25 | 0.032 * | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 2.76 ± 3.16 | 2.45 ± 2.90 | 3.30 ± 3.53 | 0.171 | 1.09 (0.96–1.23) |
| Sodium (mEq/L) | 134.36 ± 6.12 | 134.74 ± 5.95 | 133.69 ± 6.42 | 0.376 | 0.97 (0.91–1.03) |
| Potassium (mEq/L) | 4.03 ± 0.78 | 4.00 ± 0.82 | 4.09 ± 0.72 | 0.552 | 1.16 (0.71–1.90) |
| CRP (mg/L) | 91.76 ± 83.96 | 71.19 ± 70.60 | 125.56 ± 93.61 | 0.002 * | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 2.86 ± 0.68 | 3.05 ± 0.67 | 2.59 ± 0.60 | 0.004 * | 0.31 (0.13–0.66) |
| Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 1.45 ± 2.10 | 1.12 ± 1.23 | 1.88 ± 2.83 | 0.104 | 1.21 (0.98–1.58) |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.65 ± 1.29 | 6.87 ± 1.40 | 5.93 ± 0.40 | 0.283 | 0.47 (0.07–1.50) |
| Hospital Day 7 | |||||
| WBC (k/μL) | 10.07 ± 9.55 | 9.54 ± 10.88 | 11.02 ± 6.58 | 0.448 | 1.02 (0.97–1.07) |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 10.13 ± 2.07 | 10.16 ± 2.05 | 10.08 ± 2.13 | 0.831 | 0.98 (0.81–1.18) |
| Platelet (k/μL) | 159.35 ± 94.81 | 173.94 ± 72.26 | 142.94 ± 113.62 | 0.099 | |
| PMN (%) | 75.59 ± 19.61 | 71.64 ± 21.41 | 82.60 ± 13.55 | 0.008 * | 1.04 (1.01–1.08) |
| ANC (/μL) | 7162.42 ± 5052.81 | 5820.09 ± 3649.37 | 9511.50 ± 6236.94 | 0.001 * | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) |
| Lymphocyte (%) | 14.44 ± 12.73 | 15.98 ± 11.35 | 11.70 ± 14.63 | 0.096 | 0.97 (0.93–1.00) |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 38.55 ± 35.73 | 29.41 ± 24.17 | 53.62 ± 45.73 | 0.004 * | 1.01 (1.01–1.04) |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 2.31 ± 2.95 | 1.96 ± 2.60 | 2.93 ± 3.44 | 0.115 | 1.12 (0.98–1.29) |
| Sodium (mEq/L) | 138.34 ± 5.79 | 138.43 ± 4.58 | 138.2 ± 7.41 | 0.835 | 0.99 (0.93–1.06) |
| Potassium (mEq/L) | 3.94 ± 0.73 | 3.80 ± 0.59 | 4.15 ± 0.87 | 0.021 * | 2.00 (1.14–3.76) |
| CRP (mg/L) | 70.53 ± 74.97 | 56.38 ± 64.23 | 94.62 ± 85.95 | 0.020 * | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 2.62 ± 0.49 | 2.84 ± 0.50 | 2.38 ± 0.35 | 0.002 * | 0.07 (0.01–0.31) |
| Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 1.84 ± 3.38 | 0.93 ± 0.80 | 3.11 ± 4.93 | 0.033 * | 1.44 (1.11–2.18) |
| Treatment | |||||
| Ampicillin duration (weeks) | 2.0 ± 1.6 | 2.2 ± 1.6 | 1.6 ± 1.5 | 0.044 * | 0.76 (0.58–0.98) |
| All effective antibiotics duration (weeks) | 2.6 ± 1.4 | 2.6 ± 1.4 | 2.5 ± 1.4 | 0.813 | 1.00 (0.96–1.03) |
| Gentamicin synergy | 26 (22.0) | 20 (26.7) | 6 (14.0) | 0.155 | 0.45 (0.15–1.16) |
| Treatment delay (days) Δ | 1.4 ± 2.2 | 1.0 ± 1.9 | 2.1 ± 2.5 | 0.015 * | 1.26 (1.06–1.54) |
| Blood culture results | |||||
| Listeria monocytogenes | 115 (97.5) | 73 (97.3) | 42 (97.7) | 0.910 | 1.15 (0.11–25.20) |
| Escherichia coli | 6 (5.1) | 1 (1.3) | 5 (11.6) | 0.041 * | 9.74 (1.50–190.12) |
| Klebsiella pneumonia | 2 (1.7) | 2 (2.67) | 0 (0) | 0.988 | N/A |
| Enterobacter cloacae | 1 (0.8) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.3) | 0.991 | N/A |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 1 (0.8) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.3) | 0.991 | N/A |
| MRSA | 1 (0.8) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.3) | 0.988 | N/A |
| CoNS | 9 (7.6) | 3 (4.0) | 6 (14.0) | 0.065 | 3.89 (0.97–19.27) |
| Candida | 5 (4.2) | 2 (2.7) | 3 (7.0) | 0.281 | 2.74 (0.44–21.44) |
| CSF culture results | |||||
| Listeria monocytogenes | 11 (9.3) | 7 (9.3) | 4 (9.3) | 0.996 | 1.00 (0.25–3.52) |
Notes: * p-value < 0.05; Δ interval between the confirmation of diagnosis and the initiation of ampicillin. The p-value represents a comparison of risk factors between in-hospital survival and death groups. The odds ratio (OR) compares the odds of mortality in the in-hospital death group to the odds in the survival group. Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; N/A, not applicable; SBP, systolic blood pressure; RR, respiratory rate; BPM, beats per minute; qSOFA, quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; SD, standard deviation; WBC, white blood count; PMN, polymorphonuclear leukocytes; ANC, absolute neutrophil count; CRP, C-reactive protein; MRSA, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; CoNS, Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus.