TABLE 2.

PSQI scores by some variables (n = 385)

Variables	PSQI (sleep quality) a				Analysis	p	ES
	Good (n = 261)		Poor (n = 124)
	n	%	n	%
Age, years (Mean ± SD: 30.30 ± 6.16)
< 30	129	67.89	61	32.11	0.002 b	0.966	0.002
≥ 30	132	67.69	63	32.31
Educational status, degree
≤ High school	199	68.62	91	31.38	0.369 b	0.543	0.031
≥ Bachelor's	62	65.26	33	34.74
Employment status
Yes	50	86.21	8	13.79	10.605 b	0.001*	0.166
No	211	64.53	116	35.47
Family income status
Good	51	77.27	15	22.73	4.565 b	0.102	0.109
Moderate	178	67.17	87	32.83
Poor	32	59.26	22	40.74
Sleep quality during preconceptional period, VAS score c (Mean ± SD: 7.69 ± 1.64)
< 5	5	100.00	–	–	2.400 d	0.180	–
≥ 5	256	67.37	124	32.63
Planned pregnancy status
Yes	176	70.40	74	29.60	2.221 b	0.136	0.076
No	85	62.96	50	37.04
Chronic disease during pregnancy
Yes	15	57.69	11	42.31	1.303 b	0.280	0.058
No	246	68.52	113	31.48
Smoking during pregnancy, cigarettes per day (Mean ± SD: 3.59 ± 1.92)
Yes	28	63.64	16	36.36	0.393 b	0.531	0.032
No	233	68.33	108	31.67
Maternal going‐to‐sleep position during pregnancy
Right side	249	67.48	120	32.52	0.397 d	0.529	–
Supine	12	75.00	4	25.00

Abbreviations: ES, effect size (Cohen‐w); PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; SD, standard deviation; VAS, Visual Analogue Scale.

^* p < 0.001.

^a Lower scores indicate better sleep quality. PSQI score < 5 good sleeper, ≥ 5 poor sleepers.

^b Chi‐square independence test.

^c VAS score (from 0 [worst sleep quality] to 10 [best sleep quality]).

^d Fisher test.