. 2024 Apr 16;33(6):e14218. doi: 10.1111/jsr.14218

TABLE 3.

PSQI scores by prenatal, birth and postnatal outcomes (n = 385)

Outcomes	PSQI (sleep quality) ^a				Analysis	p	ES
	Good (n = 261)		Poor (n = 124)
	n	%	n	%
GDM
Yes	8	72.73	3	27.27	0.126 ^b	0.504	0.018
No	253	67.65	121	32.35	0.126 ^b	0.504	0.018
Preeclampsia
Yes	5	50.00	5	50.00	1.488 ^b	0.303	0.062
No	256	68.27	119	31.73	1.488 ^b	0.303	0.062
Hypo/hyperthyroidism
Yes	2	40.00	3	60.00	1.792 ^c	0.334	0.068
No	259	68.16	121	31.84	1.792 ^c	0.334	0.068
IUGR
Yes	1	50.00	1	50.00	0.291 ^b	0.541	0.027
No	260	67.89	123	32.11	0.291 ^b	0.541	0.027
Foetal distress
Yes	11	78.57	3	21.43	0.773 ^b	0.562	0.045
No	250	67.39	121	32.61	0.773 ^b	0.562	0.045
Episiotomy
Yes	132	66.00	68	34.00	0.612 ^c	0.434	0.040
No	129	69.73	56	30.27	0.612 ^c	0.434	0.040
Preterm birth (< 37 gestational weeks)
Yes	24	68.6	11	31.4	0 ^b	0.918	0.048
No	237	67.7	113	32.3	0 ^b	0.918	0.048
Neonatal intensive care needs in the first 24 hr
Yes	12	75.00	4	25.00	0.397 ^c	0.529	0.032
No	249	67.48	120	32.52	0.397 ^c	0.529	0.032
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Maternal weight gain during pregnancy, kg	9.64	2.04	10.19	2.19	−2.413 ^d	0.016^*	0.260
Birth time, week	38.31	1.08	38.30	1.04	0.136 ^d	0.446	0.009
FHR in labor ^e , /dk	135.64	2.04	135.42	2.10	0.989 ^d	0.323	0.107
VAS‐pain in labour ^f	7.30	0.19	7.32	0.18	−0.888 ^d	0.375	−0.096
Duration of labour, hr	9.94	1.92	9.70	1.92	1.150 ^d	0.125	0.126
Apgar score ^g	8.08	0.78	8.06	0.80	0.210 ^d	0.834	0.024
Neonatal birth weight, g	3041.68	428.30	3088.87	463.97	−0.983 ^d	0.326	−0.106
VAS‐postnatal fatigue ^h	8.79	0.96	8.85	1.00	−0.580 ^d	0.562	−0.063

Abbreviations: ES, effect size (Cohen‐w); FHR, foetal heart rate; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; IUGR, intrauterine growth restriction; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; SD, standard deviation; VAS, Visual Analogue Scale.

p < 0.05.

^{^a}

Lower scores indicate better sleep quality. PSQI score < 5 good sleeper, ≥ 5 poor sleepers.

^{^b}

Fisher test.

^{^c}

Chi‐square independence test.

^{^d}

Independent samples t‐test.

^{^e}

Averaging the values measured when the cervical dilatation was 5 and 10 cm.

^{^f}

VAS score for pain in labour (from 0 [no pain] to 10 [worst pain]). Averaging the values measured when the cervical dilatation was 5 and 10 cm.

^{^g}

Averaging the values recorded at postnatal first and fifth minutes.

^{^h}

VAS score for fatigue in postnatal 12th–24th hour (from 0 [no fatigue] to 10 [extreme fatigue]).