TABLE 3.
Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Tools for quasi experimental studies.
| JBI‐quasi‐experiment | (Lee et al., 2004) | (Okamoto‐Mizuno et al., 2013) | (Okamoto‐Mizuno et al., 2015) | (Utkun et al., 2015) | (Nejedlá & Minařík, 2016) | (He et al., 2019) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Is it clear in the study what is the “cause” and what is the “effect” (i.e. there is no confusion about which variable comes first)? | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 2. Were the participants included in any comparisons similar? | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 3. Were the participants included in any comparisons receiving similar treatment/care, other than the exposure or intervention of interest? | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 4. Was there a control group (control treatment)? | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 5. Were there multiple measurements of the outcome both pre and post the intervention/exposure? | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | No |
| 6. Was follow up complete and if not, were differences between groups in terms of their follow up adequately described and analysed? | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
| 7. Were the outcomes of participants included in any comparisons measured in the same way? | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 8. Were outcomes measured in a reliable way? | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 9. Was appropriate statistical analysis used? | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |