Table 4.

Pathology and cytogenetic techniques in characterizing tumors (detect chromosome deletions, duplications, translocations, insertions, and inversions).

Pathology Lab	Cytogenetic Profiling
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining and in situ hybridization (ISH) Molecular diagnostics, including RT-PCR and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) Karyotyping, spectral karyotyping (SKY) Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) Flow cytometry for immunophenotyping and minimal residual diseases (MRDs)	Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses Reverse phase protein arrays (RPPA) for functional proteomics Chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) Sequencing-based tests: next-generation sequence (NGS)