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. 2024 Nov 14;16(22):3893. doi: 10.3390/nu16223893

Table 3.

Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios for determinants of indicators of stunting, wasting and underweight among children aged 0–23 months in Tunisia.

Characteristics Stunting Wasting Underweight
Unadjusted p Adjusted p Unadjusted p Adjusted p Unadjusted p Adjusted p
Years of survey
2012 1 1 1 1 1
2018 0.72 [0.54, 0.96] 0.023 0.73 [0.52, 1.01] 0.054 0.78 [0.45, 1.25] 0.279 0.79 [0.47, 1.34] 0.388 0.74 [0.44, 1.24] 0.253 0.70 [0.41, 1.20] 0.191
2023 1.34 [0.96, 1.87] 0.088 1.22 [0.85, 1.74] 0.284 1.12 [0.63, 1.10] 0.689 1.16 [0.64, 2.12] 0.620 1.66 [0.95, 2.91] 0.074 1.70 [0.94, 3.10] 0.082
Area of residence
Urban 1 1 1
Rural 1.35 [1.06, 1.74] 0.017 1.08 [0.69, 1.67] 0.745 1.09 [0.70, 1.69] 0.717
Wealth Index
Poorest 1 1 1 1
Poorer 1.36 [0.92, 2.02] 0.128 1.27 [0.84, 1.91] 0.257 0.98 [0.50, 1.93] 0.958 0.78 [0.42, 1.44] 0.424
Middle 0.56 [0.37, 0.86] 0.008 0.52 [0.33, 0.82] 0.004 0.89 [0.45, 1.74] 0.726 0.65 [0.32, 1.35] 0.248
Fourth 0.79 [0.53, 1.18] 0.250 0.83 [0.54, 1.28] 0.395 0.73 [0.35, 1.50] 0.391 0.43 [0.21, 0.88] 0.022
Richest 1.20 [0.82, 1.76] 0.349 1.29 [0.87, 1.92] 0.210 0.82 [0.41, 1.64] 0.580 0.66 [0.35, 1.24] 0.199
Sex of baby
Boy 1 1 1 1 1
Girl 0.85 [0.66, 1.10] 0.212 0.61 [0.39, 0.96] 0.034 0.60 [0.37, 0.97] 0.036 0.47 [0.29, 0.76] 0.002 0.45 [0.27, 0.74] 0.002
Child age
0 to 5 1 1 1 1 1 1
6 to 11 0.35 [0.24, 0.52] <0.001 0.26 [0.18, 0.39] <0.001 0.52 [0.24, 1.76] 0.004 0.42 [0.23, 0.77] 0.006 0.45 [0.14, 0.44] <0.001 0.20 [0.10, 0.38] <0.001
12 to17 0.62 [0.45, 0.87] 0.006 0.44 [0.31, 0.63] <0.001 0.14 [0.07, 0.31] <0.001 0.15 [0.07, 0.33] <0.001 0.08 [0.03, 0.23] <0.001 0.08 [0.03, 0.22] <0.001
18–23 0.58 [0.42, 0.81] <0.001 0.47 [0.33, 0.66] <0.001 0.32 [0.18, 0.58] <0.001 0.32 [0.17, 0.59] <0.001 0.22 [0.12, 0.40] <0.001 0.22 [0.12, 0.42] <0.001
Father’s age (years)
18–34 1 1 1
35–44 1.24 [0.91, 1.69] 0.174 0.71 [0.43,1.19] 0.196 0.54 [0.33, 0.88] 0.014
45+ 1.25 [0.85, 1.85] 0.259 0.78 [0.39, 1.58] 0.497 0.76 [0.39, 1.50] 0.434
Mother’s age at marriage (years)
≤ 18 1 1 1 1
>18 1.40 [0.50, 2.14] 0.916 10.68 [1.46, 78.0] 0.020 10.12 [1.39,73.51] 0.022 1.57 [0.22, 11.48] 0.656
Birth order
None previous 1 1 1
1 0.87 [0.66, 1.16] 0.347 0.76 [0.47, 1.23] 0.263 0.62 [0.36, 1.07] 0.085
2 or more 1.08 [0.77, 1.52] 0.663 0.56 [0.26, 1.19] 0.132 1.19 [0.69, 2.09] 0.532
Household members
1–3 1 1 1
4–8 1.38 [1.04, 1.83] 0.024 0.53 [0.34, 0.84] 0.006 1.27 [0.78, 2.07] 0.344
>8 1.12 [0.62, 2.02] 0.704 0.95 [0.38, 2.35] 0.910 0.82 [0.32, 2.07] 0.672
Size of baby
Average 1 1 1 1
Small 1.34 [0.95, 1.88] 0.092 1.48 [0.82, 2.68] 0.197 1.86 [1.04, 3.31] 0.035 1.90 [1.04, 3.47] 0.037
Large 0.58 [0.36, 0.94] 0.026 0.53 [0.25, 1.11] 0.093 0.73 [0.36, 1.47] 0.377 0.65 [0.31, 1.34] 0.241
Source of drinking water
Protected 1 1 1
Unprotected 0.95 [0.74, 1.23] 0.706 1.45 [0.93, 2.25] 0.098 1.07 [0.68, 1.67] 0.773
Toilet facility
Improved 1 1 1
Unimproved 1.03 [0.80, 1.32] 0.812 1.26 [0.81, 1.96] 0.306 1.26 [0.81, 1.96] 0.306
Listening to the radio
Not at all 1 1
Yes 0.07 [0.83, 1.37] 0.618 1.13 [0.73, 1.75] 0.598 1.34 [0.87, 2.08] 0.189
Watching TV
Not at all 1 1 1
Yes 0.49 [0.29, 0.84] 0.009 2.59 [0.35, 18.86] 0.349 0.43 [0.17, 1.08] 0.072
Read newspaper
Not at all 1 1 1
Yes 1.0 [0.75, 1.35] 0.969 1.22 [0.75, 1.99] 0.418 0.98 [0.59, 1.61] 0.925
Maternal education
Secondary and above 1 1 1
Primary 1.37 [1.03, 1.82] 0.033 0.93 [0.56, 1.56] 0.780 0.84 [0.50, 1.40] 0.504
No education 2.06 [1.4, 2.92] <0.001 1.15 [0.59, 1.26] 0.678 1.96 [1.04, 3.69] 0.036
Maternal BMI
≤18.5 1 - 1 1
19–25 3.02 [2.32, 3.93] <0.001 3.51 [2.69, 4.58] <0.001 - 0.28 [0.15, 0.52] <0.001 0.23 [0.10, 0.54] 0.001
25+ 9.27 [5.35, 16.04] <0.001 10.67 [5.97,19.08] <0.001 - 0.24 [0.03, 1.73] 0.156 0.20 [0.03, 1.61] 0.13
Place of delivery
Government 1 1 1
Non-government 1.07 [0.66, 1.73] 0.780 1.73 [0.83, 3.58] 0.143 2.23 [1.14, 4.37] 0.020
Delivery assistance
Skilled 1 1 1
Unskilled 1.06 [0.78, 1.43] 0.708 0.90 [0.51, 1.60] 0.727 0.71 [0.40, 1.26] 0.241
Antenatal clinic visits
8+ 1 1 1
4–7 0.70 [0.52, 0.95] 0.020 0.73 [0.44, 1.22] 0.232 1.23 [0.72, 2.11] 0.456
1–3 0.73 [0.47, 1.11] 0.143 0.57 [0.26, 1.25] 0.158 1.01 [0.48, 2.11] 0.987
None 0.78 [0.53, 1.17] 0.231 0.62 [0.30, 1.30] 0.204 0.97 [0.47, 1.10] 0.925
Postnatal checkup
0–2 days 1 1 1
After 2 days 0.91 [0.57, 1.45] 0.697 0.35 [0.17,0.74] 0.006 1.03 [0.46, 2.29] 0.943
No 0.75 [0.51, 1.12] 0.146 0.45 [0.25, 0.81] 0.008 0.98 [0.49, 1.98] 0.960
Mode of delivery
Non-caesarean 1 1 1
Caesarean 0.87 [0.66, 1.15] 0.325 1.22 [0.76, 1.95] 0.409 0.89 [0.54, 1.46] 0.638
Diarrhea last two weeks
No 1 1 1
Yes 1.11 [0.76, 1.61] 0.598 1.02 [0.54, 1.93] 0.945 0.92 [0.48, 1.79] 0.809
Fever
No 1 1 1
Yes 0.85 [0.66, 1.09] 0.202 0.75 [0.48, 1.20] 0.231 0.69 [0.44, 1.10] 0.119
Cough
No 1 1 1
Yes 1.02 [0.78, 1.32] 0.907 0.68 [0.42, 1.09] 0.107 0.58 [0.35, 0.96] 0.035
Any infection
No 1 1 1
Yes 0.92 [0.72, 1.19] 0.544 0.78 [0.50, 1.21] 0.262 0.75 [0.48, 1.16] 0.193
Early initiation of breastfeeding
After 1 h 1 1 1
Within 1 h 1.64 [1.28, 2.11] <0.001 1.02 [0.66, 1.60] 0.918 1.16 [0.74, 1.80] 0.521
Ever breastfeed
Yes 1 1 1
No 0.77 [0.58, 1.02] 0.073 1.41 [0.88, 2.27] 0.149 0.85 [0.52, 1.39] 0.510
Duration of breastfeeding
Up to 12 months 1 1 1
>12 months 0.79 [0.55, 1.14] 0.207 0.67 [0.43, 1.04] 0.076 0.42 [0.27, 0.65] <0.001