Figure 3.

Assessment of oxidative damage biomarkers. Liver damage was evaluated by measuring protein carbonylation (A) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) (B), while matrix remodeling was assessed via matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) activity in zymography assays (C) of the livers of C57BL/6 mice subjected to prophylactic piperine treatment for 8 days, followed by APAP intoxication. The different letters indicate statistical differences between the groups. In panels A and B, any letter other than “a” signifies a difference from the control group, and any letter other than “b” signifies a difference from the APAP group. In panel C, the letter “b” indicates that the P40 group is different from the other experimental groups, as determined by a one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. Statistical significance is considered at p < 0.05.