Figure 5.

Evaluation of the cytokines TNF-α (A) and IL-6 (B) in the serum, and TNF-α (C) and IL-1β (D) in the liver of mice subjected to prophylactic treatment with piperine for 8 days, followed by APAP intoxication. The different letters indicate statistical differences between the groups: any letter other than “a” signifies a difference from the control group, any letter other than “b” signifies a difference from the APAP group, and “c” indicates that the group is significantly different from both the control group (“a”) and the APAP group (“b”). The notation “ac” is used when the statistical analysis shows that the group is statistically similar to both the control and P20 groups. The notation “ab” is used when the statistical analysis indicates that the group is statistically equal to both the control and APAP groups, as determined by a one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. Significant differences are considered at p < 0.05. Abbreviations: TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; IL-6: interleukin-6; IL-1β: interleukin-1 beta.