Table 3.

Studies included in the work.

	Journal	Q	Authors (Year) and Reference	Population	Method	Intervention	Variables	Outcomes Analysed	Main Conclusions
Ph	Eur. J. Appl. Physiol	Q1	Zamparo et al. (2005) [18]	5 ♂ and ♀ 5 elite	S; DB	3 × 400 m + 2 km	VO2; BLC; HR; BW; s; SR; WT	EC ± ♂ lower ♀	EC with s; VO2 s EC ♀ < ♂; ST p on Eff/P
Anthr	Anthropologischer Anzeiger	Q2	Knechtle et al. (2008) [41]	12 ♂	S; DB	12 h	BMI; BH; LC; SMM; FFM	Average distance covered	AntrC no p on P
Anthr	Percept. Mot. Skills	Q3	Knechtle et al. (2010) [42]	39 ♂ 24 ♀	S; DB	26.4 km	BM; BH; SF; lL; %FM; HC V (km/t); I (km/h)	BH/BMI/Al r with t ♂ No r with P and AnthrC	AntrC nor r in t ts r with t on ♀/♂; BMI on ♂ too
Anthr	Hum. Mov.	Q2	Knechtle et al. (2010) [43]	15 ♂	S; DB	26.4 km	AntrC; BM; BH; BMI; lL; %FM; Σ7SF; YAS; tV (t/km); ts; TRt; Rs	TRt; Rs r: AnthrC+tv/TRt	ts predictor P ♂ AnthrC no p with P
Ph	Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab.	Q2	Pyne et al. (2014) [2]	♂ and ♀ elite	DB	Seasonal	AnthrC; Ee; Rl; I; Gl	BH; FFM; Pw; aPw; E; VO2; BLC	Rs determined by medium, style employed and methods used
Ph	Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab.	Q2	Shaw et al. (2014) [19]	♂ and ♀ elite	S; DB	Seasonal	BC; FFM; Gl; PhC; Erc; ErA; VO2max	FFM; VO2max; OpGl; Cff	sNr fRp
Nt	Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.	Q1	VanHeest et al. (2014) [44]	10 ♀ Elite	DB	12 weeks	Bv; AnthrC; s; EI; EA	BH; BW; BC; MS; EI; EA; H; P	Dp is crucial H r with P
Nt	J. Exerc. Nutr. Biochem.	Q3	Domínguez et al. (2017) [7]	♂ and ♀	S; DB	Seasonal	CHOI; PI; FI; Hc; ErA	CHO; Pt; F; Hr; Cff; Cr; B; β-a; N; vD; Bc; HMB	P with Hs and Erg
B	Eur. J. Appl. Physiol.	Q1	Zamparo et al. (2020) [45]	♂ and ♀	S; DB	Seasonal	Eff sw; Hd; Er; Ep; s and Em; dPbGSl; Ept; BfaaPw	cEff and Ecsswpt; iHr; EC; dPbGSl; tv; BfaaPw	Eff y Ec by iPsa EC varies AS; dPbGSl tv Eff and P Importance mBMch
Nt	Nutrients	Q1	Jiménez-Alfageme et al. (2022) [25]	103 ♂ and 29 ♀	S; DB	Seasonal	Sf; Ms; ErA	Sf; Ms; ErA	Sf; Ms; ErA to P
G	Biol. Sport	Q1	Ben-Zaken et al. (2022) [1]	♂ and ♀	DB	-	Gp	Ra-s; A-ce; AIIp; K-ks; Br; Amd; Rα; Vegf; hACTN3g; Ltg; M; SNPIL6–174G/C	Importance Gp on environmental and physiological demands to P

♂: male; ♀: female; A-ce: angiotensin-converting enzyme; AIIp: angiotensin II production; Al: arm length; Amd: adenosine monophosphate deaminase; AnthrC: anthropometric characteristics; aPw: aerobic power; AS: athlete’s skill; B: bicarbonate; BC: body composition; Bc: bovine colostrum; BfaaPw: biomechanical factors affecting athletic performance in the water; BH: body height; BLC: blood lactate concentration; blue: target; BM: body mass; BMI: body mass index; Br: bradykinin; Bv: blood variables; BW: body weight; cEff and Ecswpt: comparisons of efficiency and economy in swimming and other aquatic; Cff: caffeine; CHO: carbohydrate; CHOI: CHO intake; Cr: creatine; Dp: dietary periodisation; dPbGSl: differences in performance between genders and skill levels; E: endurance; EA: energy availability; EC: energy cost; Eff: efficiency; EI: energy intake; Em: economy of movement; Ep: efficient propulsion; Ept: effects of propulsion tools; Er: energy requirements; ErA: ergogenic aids; Erc: energy recommendations; F: fats; FFM: fat-free mass; FI: fat intake; FM: fat mass; fRp: flexibility in career race plans; Gl: glucose levels; Gp: genetic polymorphism; green: improvement; H: hormones dietary periodisation; hACTN3g: Human ACTN3 gene; HC: hip circumference; Hc: hydration control, Hd: hydrodynamic drag; Hs: hydration strategy; HMB: β-hydroxy-βmethylbutyrate; HR: heart rate; Hr: hydration requirements, I: intensity, iHr: impact of hydrodynamic resistance; iPsa: increase in propulsive surface area; K-ks: kallikrein–kinin system; LC: limb circumference, lL: length of limbs; Ltg: lactate transport genes; M: Myostatin, mBMch: movement biomechanics; Ms: medical supplements; MS: muscle strength; N: nitrate; Nt: nutrition; P: performance; p: significant; PhC: physiological characteristics; PI: protein intake; Pt: protein; Pw: power; Rs: results; Ra-s: renin–angiotensin system; Rl: race length; Rs: race speed; Rα: receptor alpha; s: speed; S: strength; SF: skin folds; Sf: sport foods; SMM: skeletal muscle mass; sNr: specific nutritional recommendations; SR: stroke rate; ST: swimming technique; sw: swimming; t: time; TRt: total race time; ts: training speed; tv: training variables; tV: training volume; UL: upper limbs; V: volume; vD: vitamin D; Vegf: vascular endothelial growth factor; WT: water temperature; YAS: years active swimmer; yellow: possibility; β-a: β-alanine.