Table 5.
Summary of energy balance in swimmers from self-reported energy intake and estimated energy expenditures.
| Study | Methods for Measuring EI or EE |
n | EI MJ/day (kcal/day) |
EE MJ/day (kcal/day) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vallieres et al., 1989 [54] | EI: 3 day food diary Weeks 1 and 4 EE: Activity records, RMR and swimming EE via indirect calorimetry |
6 ♀ | Week one 10.4 ± 3.2 (2500 ± 800) Week four 10.2 ± 2.9 (2400 ± 700) |
Week one 12 ± 2.4 (2900 ± 600) Week four 10.5 ± 1.5 (2500 ± 400) |
| Jones and Leitch 1993 [55] | EE: Doubly labelled water EI: Standardised diet provided and correlated, to detailed weighed food records |
5 ♂ 3 ♀ |
16.3 ± 2.6 (3895 ± 621) |
14.6 ± 3.7 (3556 ± 1025) |
| Almeras et al., 1997 [56] | EE: Physical activity record (3 days) and HR-VO2 method (2 day, 24 h HR measurement) EI: 3 day food diary |
11 ♀ | Baseline 11.0 ± 3.3 (2600 ± 800) Part 1 10.5 ± 3.4 (2500 ± 800) Part 2 11.1 ± 3.0 (2600 ± 700) Part 3 9.2 ± 3.0 (2200 ± 700) |
PAR 12.0 ± 3.1 (2900 ± 700) PAR 12.0 ± 2.7 (2900 ± 600) HR-VO2 12.7 ± 6.4 (3000 ± 1500) PAR 13.2 ± 2.4 (3100 ± 600) HR-VO2 12.4 ± 3.6 (2900 ± 900) PAR 12.7 ± 2.2 (3000 ± 500) HR-VO2 13.1 ± 4.0 (3100 ± 1000) |
| Trappe et al. 1997 [57] |
EE: Doubly labelled water EI: 2 day food diary |
5 ♀ | 13.1 ± 0.9 (3136 ± 227) |
23.4 ± 2.1 (5593 ± 495) |
| Ousley-Pahnke et al., 2001 [58] |
EE: Activity diary and equations EI: 4 day food diary |
15 ♀ | 9.5 ± 2.8 (2275 ± 665) |
9.8 ± 0.7 (2342 ± 158) |
| Hassapidou and Manstrantoni 2001 [59] |
EE: 7 day activity records and equations EI: 7 day weighed dietary records |
9 ♀ | Training: 8.4 ± 2.3 (2015 ± 542) Competition: 7.9 ± 3 (1890 ± 709) |
Training: 10.5 ± 1.3 (2520 ± 304) Competition: 10.7 ± 0.9 (2550 ± 210) |
| Sato et al., 2011 [60] | EE: RMR, activity factor, and VO2 estimations EI: 3 day food records |
6 ♂ 13 ♀ |
Preparation: ♂: 13.1 ± 3.1 (3158 ± 733) ♀: 11.3 ± 1.8 (2710 ± 431) Intense ♂: 13.9 ± 1.6 (3322 ± 378) ♀: 12.0 ± 1.7 (2880 ± 408) |
Preparation: ♂: 11.1 ± 0.4 (2646 ± 146) ♀: 8.7 ± 1.4 (2085 ± 326) Intense ♂: 12.3 ± 1.4 (2932 ± 335) ♀: 11.3 ± 1.8 (2562 ± 372) |
| Slattery et al. 2012 [61] |
EI: 4 × 24 h recall EE: HR calculation |
4 ♂ 2 ♀ |
16.6 ± 3.4 (3995 ± 789) |
16.7 ± 3.3 (3969 ± 821) |
EI: energy intake; EE: energy expenditure; HR = heart rate; VO2 = oxygen consumption; RMR = resting metabolic rate; PAR = physical activity record.