Table 6.

Key drivers affecting food insecurity and malnutrition [9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34].

Country	2020	2021	2022	2023
Afghanistan	○COVID-19 ○High food prices ○conflict ○IDPs ○Floods	○Conflict ○Drought ○Economic decline	○The effect of lean season	○Climate shock ○High food prices ○Displacement ○Reduced income and employment
Djibouti	○COVID-19 ○Desert Locust ○Floods	○COVID-19 ○Desert Locust ○Floods	○Political and economic challenges ○(Ukraine war and conflict in Ethiopia) ○Low rainfall and prolonged dry season. ○Loss of jobs ○Limited access to safe water.	○Increase in food prices. ○Death of animals due to diseases ○Low level of agricultural practice ○Low production of local food ○Decrease access to employment.
Lebanon			○Inflation ○Limited job opportunities ○Loss of purchasing power ○Currency depreciation ○Limited value of assistance ○Phase out of subsidies	○Inflation ○Currency depreciation ○Discontinuation of subsidies ○Loss of purchasing power ○Limited job opportunities ○Political uncertainty
Pakistan	○limited availability of water ○Prolonged conflict affecting livestock. ○High inflation ○Distance of Markets ○“High level of debt among households ○WASH challenges. ○inaccessibility to healthcare.	○High food prices ○COVID-19 ○Locust infestation ○Drought (Balochistan) ○Flooding (Sindh)	○High food prices ○COVID-19 ○Drought/dry spells ○Conflict and displacement ○Livestock disease or death	○High food prices ○Reduced food production ○Climate shocks ○“Reduced employment opportunities/ ○income” ○Livestock disease and mortality
Somalia	○Flooding ○Desert Locust ○COVID-19	○Conflict ○Erratic rainfall ○Flooding ○COVID-19	○Prolonged drought ○High food prices ○Conflict	○Conflict ○Erratic rain ○Diseases Flooding ○Drought ○High food prices ○Disease and poor health access
Sudan	○COVID-19 ○Economic decline and inflation ○Conflict	○Economic decline/inflation ○Floods ○Conflict/displacement	○Economic decline/inflation ○Conflict ○Poor harvest ○The conflict in Ukraine	○Conflict and insecurity ○High food prices and Macroeconomic crisis ○Climate shock and hazards ○Low agriculture production
Yemen	○Conflict ○Economic decline ○Low humanitarian food assistance ○Reduced essential services ○Morbidity ○Conflicts ○COVID-19	○Conflict ○Economic shock ○Reduced foreign reserves.	○Conflict ○Economic decline ○Climate change ○High food and fuel prices	○Conflict ○Economic decline ○Reduced access to essential services ○Improved humanitarian food assistance
Palestine (Gaza Strip)				○Hostilities ○Access to services ○WASH challenges