Table 2.

Biological properties of invasive plant species and their allelopathic effect.

Invasive Plant Species	Allelochemicals	Mode of Action	Effected Plants	References
Solidago canadensis L.	Kaempferol-3-O-d-glucoside	Growth	Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh., Echinochloa colona L.	[93]
Ageratina adenophora (Spreng).	Propan-2-ylidene (4,7-dimethyl-1-) tetrahydronaphthalene-1,4,4a, 8a, 2(1H, 7H) DTD and 6-hydroxy-5-isopropyl-3	Growth and development	Osbeckia stellate buch. HAM. EX D. DON and Elsholtzia blanda Benth.) Benth.	[109]
Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc	(−)-catechin, (−)-epicatechin, resveratroloside, and piceatannol	Growth	Lepidium sativum L.	[110]
Chromolaena odoratum L.	Globulol, α-cadinal, 1-hexadecanol, caryophyllene, (−)-spathulenol, and caryphyllene oxide hexadecane	Growth	Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn, Cyperus iria L., and Ageratum conyzoides L.	[111]
Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.	α-pinent, β-pinene, cineole, camphene, spanthueol	Germinations and root growth	Zea mays L. (Corn), Triticum aestivum L. and Oryza sativa L.	[112]
Ageratum conyzoides L.	Precocenes, sesquiterpenes, Gallic acid, proteocatechins acid and coumaric acid,	Germination up to 89%	Parthenium hysterophorus L.	[113]
Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist	(4Z)-lachnophyllum lactone	Suppression of growth	Cuscuta campestris L.	[114]
Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.	Syringic acid, vanillic acid, gentisic, gallic, p-coumaric, p-hydroxybenzoic, and catechol	Suppression of germination and growth	Portulaca oleracea L.	[46]
Eichhornia colona L.	Tricin	Inhibit germination and seedling growth	Glycine max L. and Oryzae sativa L.	[16]
Eucalyptus globulus Labill.	Kaempferol 3-O-glucoside, hyperoside, and shikimic-succinic acids	Inhibit germination, growth and physiological parameters	Agrostis stolonifera L.	[115]
Mikania micrantha Kunth.	Dihydromikanolide, deoxymikanolide, 2,3-epoxy-1-hydroxy4,9-germacradiene12, 8:15,6-diolide.	Limit the length of the radicle and shoot.	Trifolium repens L., Raphanus sativus L., and Lolium perenne L.	[104]
Parthenium hysterophorus L.	Caffeic acid, parthenin	Suppress the growth of seedlings and germination	Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. and Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn	[116]
Asystasia gangetica L.	(6R,9S)-3-oxo-α-ionol and indole-3-carboxaldehyde	Cause 10% yield reduction	Cucumis sativus L.	[117]
Artemisia annuas L.	Artemisinin	Prevent development and expansion of the roots	Ipomoea lacunose L., Lactuca sativa L., Portulaca oleracea L.	[118]
Bidens pilosa L.	Terpenes, phenolic acids, polyacetylenes, flavonoids, and fatty acids	Inhibit the growth	Zea mays L., Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench., Lactuca sativa L, and Vigna radiate (L.) R. Wilczek	[119]
Brachiaria mutica (Forssk.) Stapf	Tannin, saponin	Germination and growth suppression	Mimosa pudica L.	[120]
Cyperus rotundus L.	Quercetin, luteolin, chrysin, rutin, myricitrin, catechin, apigenin, and chlorogenic acid	Lowers yield by 93% and 86%	Oryza sativa L.	[121]
Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr.	12(13)-dien-bisabolene, 7-carboxy-8-hydroxy-1(2), and (-)-hamanasic acid A	Germination and Growth	Lactuca sativa L. and Raphanus sativa L., Bidens pilosa L. and Lolium perenne L.	[122]
Datura stramonium L.	Tropane alkaloids, Scopolamine, Hyoscyamine	Germination and growth	Tagetes minuta L. and Amaranthus hybridus L.	[123]
Juglans nigra L.	Juglone	Herbicidal activities	Sonchus arvensis L., Cirsium arvense L, Papaver rhoeas L., Lamium amplexicaule L.	[124]