Figure 5.

The primary pathways of CBG’s anti-tumor effects. The figure illustrates the principal signaling pathways. The combined use of CBG/CBD, curcumin, and piperine leads to a reduction in YAP expression levels, thereby regulating the Hippo pathway. CBD/CBG also inactivates GPR55 signaling, resulting in decreased GBM proliferation and promoting cell differentiation. In addition, CBD/CBG desensitized TRPV1, inducing a pro-apoptotic response via Ca²⁺ depletion and triggering ER stress. Moreover, CBG reduced CSF-1 secretion by melanoma cells [81].