·OH	hydroxyl free radicals
4-HNE	4-hydroxy-2-nonenal
8-OHdG	8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine
ADME	absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion
AFAR	aflatoxin aldehyde reductase
AFB1	aflatoxin B1
AFB1-GSH	aflatoxin B1-glutathione
AFBO	AFB1-exo-8,9 epoxide
AFB1 III	2,3-dihydro-2-(N-formyl-2,3,6-triamino-4-oxopyrimidine-N-yl)-3-hydroxy AFB1
AFB1-Cys-Gly	aflatoxin B1-Cysteine-Glycine adduct
AFB1-dhd	AFB1-dihydrodiol
AFB1-FAPY	AFB1-formamidopyrimidine
AFB1-N7-Gua	8,9-dihydro-8-(N7-guanyl)-9-hydroxy-AFB1
AFB2	aflatoxin B2
AFB2a	aflatoxin B2a
AFB3	aflatoxin B3
AFBO	aFB1-exo-8,9 epoxide
AFG1	aflatoxin G1
AFG2	aflatoxin G2
AFG2a	aflatoxin G2a
AFGM1	aflatoxin M1
AFGM2	aflatoxin GM2
AFGM2a	Aflatoxin GM2a
AFL	aflatoxicol
AFL H1	aflatoxicol H1
AFL M1	aflatoxicol M1`
AFM1	aflatoxin M1
AFM1-P1	4,9a-dihydroxyaflatoxin B1
AFM2	aflatoxin M2
AFP1	aflatoxin P1
AFQ1	aflatoxin Q1
AFQ2a	aflatoxin Q2a
AMAs	anti-mycotoxin additives
AUC	area undet the curve
Bax	Bcl-2-associated protein x
Bcl	B-cell leukemia
BER	base excision repair system
C18	octadecyl
CAT	catalase
CBH	cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity
CL	clearance
Cmax	maximum plasma concentration
CMI	cell-mediated immunity
CYP450	cytochrome P450 system
DNA	deoxyribonucleic acid
DON	deoxynivalenol
EAC	East African Community
EGM	esterified glucomannan
EPHX	epoxide hydrolase
ETs	extracellular traps
EU	European Union
ELISA	enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
cELISA	competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
FAO	Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
FB1	fumonisin B1
FDA	Food and Drugs Administration, United States of America
GIT	gastrointestinal tract
GPX	glutathione peroxidase
GSH	glutathione
GSTs	glutathione-S-transferases
H2O2	hydrogen peroxide
HBV	hepatitis B virus
HCC	hepatocellular carcinoma
HI	humoral immunity
HPLC	high performance liquid chromatography.
HPTLC	high-performance thin layer chromatography
HSCAS	hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicates
IFN-γ	interferon-gamma
IL-10	interleukin 10
IL-6	interleukin 6
KEBS	Kenya Bureau of Standards
kel	elimination rate constant
LADME	liberation, absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion
LC	liquid hromatography
LC-MS	liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
LC-MS/MS	liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
LPO	lipid peroxidation
MDA	malondialdehyde
MIPs	molecularly imprinted polymers
m-RNA	messenger ribonucleic acid
MS	mass spectrometry
NATs	acetyltransferases
NER	nucleotide excision repair system
NO	nitric oxide
O2-,	superoxide anion
OS	oxidative stress
OTA	ochratoxin A
8-OHdG	8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine
p53 gene	protein 53 gene
PHS	prostaglandin H synthase
QuEChERS	quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe
RNS	reactive nitrogen species
ROS	reactive oxygen species
SEA	South-East Asia
SOD	superoxide dismutase
SPE	solid-phase extraction
SSA	sub-Saharan Africa
SULTs	sulfotransferases
TLC	thin-layer chromatography
Tmax	time it takes for a toxin to attain maximum concentration in circulation
UDP	uridine 5′ diphosphate
UGTs	uridine 5′ diphosphate –glucuronosyltransferases
UHPLC	ultra high performance liquid chromtography
UV	ultraviolet
vd	volume of distribution
WHO	World Health Organisation
ZEA	zearalenone
RS	reactive species
USA	United States of America
PUFAs	polyunsaturated fatty acids