Table 4.
The indices of chitin isolating process by deep eutectic solvents from crustaceans and the characteristics of obtained chitin.
| Resources | HBA | HBD | Molar Ratio (HBA:HBD) |
Yields (%) |
Purity (%) |
DM (%) |
DP (%) |
Mw (kDa) |
DA (%) |
CrI (%) |
Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lobster shells | Choline chloride |
Malonic acid | 1:2 | 22.21 | 93 | - | - | 312 | 94.33 | 79.82 | [93] |
| 16.19 | - | - | - | - | - | 80.6 | [92] | ||||
| Lactic acid + Glycerol | 1:1:1 | 26.22 | 94.76 | 98.77 | 95.99 | 655 | - | 77.73 | [94] | ||
| Shrimp shells | Betaine HCl | Urea | 1:2 | 23.6 | - | 98.15 | 93 | 330 | 92.2 | 70.8 | [104] |
| Choline chloride | Citric acid | 1:3 | 45.85 | 86.44 | - | - | - | - | 99.01 | [102] | |
| DL–Malic acid | 1:2 | 27.2 | 92.6 | - | - | - | - | 94.1 | [96] | ||
| 1:3 | 49.35 | 83.08 | - | - | - | - | 95.13 | [102] | |||
| Ethylene Glycol | 1:2 | 24.8 | - | 98.15 | 90.6 | 340 | 93.4 | 80.8 | [104] | ||
| Glycerol | 1:2 | 22.5 | - | 98.15 | 88.6 | 290 | 91.3 | 69.5 | |||
| 27.4 | 96.1 | - | - | 228 | ≈85 | 84.3 | [101] | ||||
| Tartaric acid | 1:3 | 48.85 | 87.73 | - | - | - | - | 96.31 | [102] | ||
| Lactic acid | 1:1 | 20 | 98 | - | - | 125 | 89 | 91 | [97] | ||
| 1:1 | 52.05 | 82.76 | - | - | - | - | 97.33 | [102] | |||
| 1:2.5 | - | 99.33 | - | - | - | - | 80.32 | [100] | |||
| Malonic acid | 1:2 | 23.86 | - | - | - | 79 | 107.78 | 87.59 | [95] | ||
| TsOH | 1:2 | 59.4 R | 97.9 | - | - | - | - | 90.6 | [98] | ||
| Urea | 1:2 | 25.1 | - | 98.15 | 92.0 | 370 | 95.1 | 81.0 | [104] | ||
| N-Methylacetamide | N-Methylurea, Acetic acid | 1:1:3 | - | - | 96.74 | 94.29 | 837 | 93.23 | 82.83 | [105] | |
| Crab Shells | Choline chloride |
Lactic acid | 1:1 | - | 98.2 | 99.7 | 100.0 | - | 98.5 | 82.9 | [79] |
| Lactic acid + Glycerol | 1:1:1 | 34.27 | 96.55 | - | - | 541 | - | 82.51 | [110] | ||
| 1:1.5:0.5 | 36.75 | 96.53 | - | - | 382 | - | 83.62 | ||||
| Lactic acid | 1:2 | 33.97 | 96.63 | - | - | 264 | - | 82.46 | |||
| 12.8 | - | - | - | - | 94.1 | 81.9 | [108] | ||||
| Malic acid + Glycerol | 2:1:1 | 34.38 | 95.69 | - | - | 239 | - | 84.79 | [110] | ||
| 2:1.5:0.5 | 32.15 | 96.52 | - | - | 278 | - | 87.27 | ||||
| Malic acid | 1:1 | 33.95 | 96.48 | - | - | 204 | - | 85.14 | |||
| - | - | 99.8 | 92.3 | - | - | 75.55 | [106] | ||||
| Malonic acid | 1:2 | 12.0 | - | - | - | - | 73.1 | 71.6 | [108] | ||
| N-acetyl-D-Glucosamine + Formic acid | 1:0.6:1.4 | 85.6 R | 90.2 | - | - | 392 | - | 52.6 | [82] | ||
| Cystine | Gluconic acid | 5:1 | 71.3 R | 94.1 | - | - | 375 | - | 74.9 | [107] | |
| TEBAC | Lactic acid | 1:27 | 21.31 | 91.15 | 97.36 | 88.94 | - | 86.20 | 78.85 | [111] | |
| Crayfish shells | Betaine | Lactic acid | 1:2 | 18 | 85 | - | - | 224 | 96 | 85 | [112] |
| Choline chloride |
Lactic acid | 1:2 | 18 | 85 | - | - | 194 | 93 | 83 | ||
| 1:10 | 19.11 | 97.44 | - | - | - | - | 86.16 | [113] | |||
| Proline, Urea/75% DBU | 1:2 | 89.23 R | 91.39 | 3.98 | 97.31 | 236 | 65 | 75.85 | [114] | ||
DBU: 1,8-Diazabicyclo [5.4.0] undec-7-ene; TEBAC: Triethylbenzylammonium chloride; TsOH: p-Toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate. R: Recover yield%, Yield% = (mass of obtained precipitate (g) × purity%)/(mass of initial shrimp shells (g) × chitin%) × 100%.