TABLE 3.
Anti-breast cancer effects and mechanisms of dairy-based nanoparticles.
| Nanoparticle | Characterization | Model | Anti-breast cancer effects | Pathway | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HP, HP-C8, HP-C10 and HP-C12 | Average diameter: 10–20 nm | MCF-7 cells were added with 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 μM nanoparticle | Cell cytotoxicity, E-cadherin, Bax, caspase-8↑; G2/M phase↑; migration↓ | Induced G2/M cell cycle arrest | Song et al. (2024) |
| LPO-loaded NPs with LF | Loading capacity: 62.3%, EE: 88.7%, desorption capacity: 96.7%, size: 477.5 nm, zeta potential: 20.6 mV | MCF-7 cells were treated with various concentrations of NPs | IC50: 150.1 ± 4.8 μg/mL, cell viability↓; apoptosis, p53↑; G0/G1 and G2/M phases arrest; NF-κB, Bcl-2↓ | Induced G0/G1 and G2/M cell cycle arrest; p53 signaling↑; NF-κB signaling↓ | Abu-Serie and El-Fakharany (2017) |
| Apo-bLf-loaded silk NPs; Fe-bLf-loaded silk NPs | Size: 200–300 nm; irregular shape | MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 were added with NPs | MDA-MB-231: LRP1, LRP2, LFR, and TFR1↑; MCF-7: TFR and TFR2↑; cytotoxicity, apoptosis↑; Bax, caspase-9, caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-7, TRAIL, Fas and Fas-Ligand↑; Bcl-2, survivin↓ | Mitochondria mediated apoptosis pathway↑ | Roy et al. (2016) |
| Fe-bLf NCs | Size: 80 nm ± 5 nm | MDA-MB–231 cells were treated with 2.4% w/w of FebLf NCs; mice were fed with oral administration of FebLf NCs nanoformulated diet | Cell proliferation, tumor colony, cell viability, tumor volume, tumor spheroid size, invasion↓; surviving, livin↓, cytochrome C, mitochondrial membrane depolarization ↑, LRP1, LRP 2, TFR, TFR 1, TFR 2, DMT-1, ferroportin, ferritin-heavy chain and ferritin-light chain receptor genes, caspase-3↑; tumor volume↓ | PI3K signaling↑ | Kanwar et al. (2016) |
| LF-HMP NPs | Size: 280.8–799.6 nm; SEM, globular shapes with nano-scale size | MCF-7 cells were treated with 500 μL NPs | Cell viability↓ | Aval et al. (2021) | |
| PMT/HK-loaded Lf-CMC NGs | Size: 123.0–273.1 nm; PDI: 0.230–0.389, zeta potential: −14.7 to −41.2 mV | MDA-MB-231 breast cells were added with 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 μg/mL NPs; mice was injected with 2.5 PMT mg/kg was injected with NPs 3 times per week for 21 days | Cytotoxicity, active caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, apoptosis↑, VEGF-1, tumor size, Ki67↓ | Atallah et al. (2022) | |
| Lf-MSNPs-PMT/EA | Size: 250.9–300.9 nm, zeta potential: −2.41–20.9 mV, PDI: 0.226–0.778, entrapment efficiency: 86.1%–88.5% | MCF-7 cells were added with 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100 μg/mL of NPs | Cell viability↓; cellular uptake↑ | Ali et al. (2020) | |
| AuNP-BLG-CUR/GEM | Size: 29.0–41.0 nm; zeta potential: −24.5 to −7.89 mV | MCF-7 cells were added with 1, 10, 100, 1,000 and 10,000 nM of NPs | Cell viability↓ | Waghmare et al. (2022) | |
| CyWD | Size: 358.05–562.3 nm, PDI: 0.1215–0.376; zeta potential: −29.66–55.785 mV, EE: 48.24%–84.58% | BALB/c mice were injected with 4T1 cells and administered with 10 mg/kg CyWD | Tumor growth↓; Dox levels, tumor damage area↑ | Singh et al. (2022) | |
| Wh@AuNPs | Anisotropic nanoparticles with various morphology | MCF-7 cells were treated with Wh@AuNPs at different times (15, 30 and 45 min) | Cell viability↓; destroyed cells↑ | Borghei and Hosseinkhani (2022) | |
| NR-CCS NPs | Hydrodynamic diameter: 16 ± 3 nm; zeta potential: −24.08 ± 2 mV; Particles are found to be spherical with a diameter of 75–80 nm with uniform distribution | 4T1 cells were added with 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 20 μg/mL CCS NPs | Cell viability, mitochondrial membrane potential, colony growth, migration, PARP↓; cellular uptake, cell death, DNA damage, ROS, CHOP, γ-H2AX, G2/M phase↑; cell death (80% ± 4%) | Lysosome-mediated autophagic pathway; induced G2/M cell cycle arrest | Khatun et al. (2023) |
| Cur-CasNPs | Drug content: 8.02 μg/mg; diameter: 1–10 nm; average hydrodynamic diameter (Hd): 225 nm; zeta potential: −20 mV | MCF-7 cells were added with 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 μM Cur-CasNPs | Cytotoxicity↑ | Barick et al. (2021) | |
| CCNG NPs | EE: 67%; hydrodynamic diameter: 160 nm; PDI: 0.130–0.177, zeta potential: −2.53 ± 3 mV; spherical particles ranged in size from 85 to 101 nm | 4T1 cells were incubated with 3 μg/mL of CCNG NPs; 4T1 BALB/c mice model were injected with CCNG NPs | Cellular uptake, cytotoxicity, dead cell, ROS, ɣ H2AX, p53, DNA damage, apoptosis, cell deaths↑; mitochondrial membrane potential, invasion, migration, colony formation↓; tumor size↓; accumulation of dead cells and fluids, neutrophil infiltration, fibroblastic activity↑; spleen enlargement, mild to moderate hypertrophy of lymphatic follicles with hyperplasia of lymphocytes | Khatun et al. (2024) |
HP, casein bioactive peptides nano-assemblies; HP-C8, C8 fatty acid modified-casein bioactive peptides nano-assemblies, HP-C10, C10 fatty acid modified-casein bioactive peptides nano-assemblies; HP-C12, C12 fatty acid modified-casein bioactive peptides nano-assemblies; SEM, scanning electron microscopy; LPO-loaded NPs, with LF, bovine lactoperoxidase-loaded chitosan nanoparticles with lactoferrin; Apo-bLf-loaded silk NPs: biodegradable Eri silk nanoparticles loaded with apo-bovine lactoferrin (Apo-bLf) (∼2% iron saturated); Fe-bLf-loaded silk NPs: biodegradable Eri silk nanoparticles loaded with Fe-bLf (100% iron saturated); LRP: lipoprotein receptor-related protein; LFR, lactoferrin receptor; TFR: transferrin receptor; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; BAX, bcl-2-like protein 4; TRAIL, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand; P13K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; CXCR7, chemokine receptor 7; Dox, doxorubicin; Fe-bLf NCs, Fe3O4-saturated bovine lactoferrin nanocapsules; DMT, divalent metal ion receptors; LF-HMP NPs, lactoferrin loaded-pectin nanoparticles; PMT/HK-loaded Lf-CMC NGs, antimetabolite pemetrexed (PMT)/herbal polyphenol honokiol (HK)-loaded lactoferrin-polysaccharide carboxy methyl cellulose nanogels; Lf-MSNPs-PMT/EA, lactoferrin-coupled mesoporous silica nanoparticles containing cytotoxic drug pemetrexed or the phytomedicine ellagic acid; AuNP-BLG-CUR/GEM, β-lactoglobulin conjugated gold nanoparticles containing curcumin and gemcitabine; CyWD, N-acetyl cysteine modified-doxorubicin hydrochloride-loaded genipin-crosslinked whey protein nanoparticles; Wh@AuNPs, Au and whey protein-based nanoparticles containing trypan blue; NR-CCS NPs, 10-Hydroxycamptothecin and nile red-encapsulated casein nanoparticles; ROS, reactive oxygen species; PARP, Poly (ADP, ribose) polymerase; CHOP, C/EBP, homologous protein; Cur-CasNPs, curcumin encapsulated casein NPs; CCNG NPs, glutathione-IR, 797 coupled casein nano-trojan; PDI, polydispersity index.