Table 3.
Sense of presence, cybersickness, and navigation duration, by Group and Avatar synchrony.
| FEP | CTL | Robust ANOVA | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Async. | Sync. | Async. | Sync. | Main effect of Group | Main effect of Avatar synchrony | Interaction effect | |
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Qa, p | Qb, p | Qab, p | |
| Sense of presence | |||||||
| IPQ – Total (/84) | 43.4 (10.1) | 47.2 (9.33) | 42.3 (13.5) | 47.0 (12.6) |
Qa
= -1.97 p = .63 |
Qb
= -3.69
p = .01 |
Qab
= 0.14 p = .96 |
| IPQ – General Presence (/6) | 3.40 (0.97) | 3.60 (0.97) | 3.34 (1.39) | 3.86 (1.44) |
Qa
= 0.10 p = .84 |
Qb
= -0.34 p = .46 |
Qab
= -0.38 p = .23 |
| IPQ – Spatial Presence (/30) | 18.4 (3.06) | 18.8 (3.97) | 18.8 (4.98) | 19.9 (4.57) |
Qa
= 0.43 p = .76 |
Qb
= -1.22 p = .06 |
Qab
= 0.003 p = .99 |
| IPQ – Involvement (/24) | 12.1 (5.26) | 13.7 (3.89) | 11.7 (4.42) | 12.8 (4.33) |
Qa
= -1.48 p = .39 |
Qb
= -0.81 p = .33 |
Qab
= 1.33 p = .44 |
| IPQ – Realness (/24) | 9.50 (3.84) | 11.1 (4.53) | 8.46 (6.03) | 10.5 (5.31) |
Qa
= -0.15 p = .94 |
Qb
= -1.43
p = .01 |
Qab
= -1.34 p = .34 |
| Cybersickness | |||||||
| SSQ – Total (/48) | 8.70 (7.33) | 8.10 (6.62) | 7.71 (7.90) | 8.83 (9.26) |
Qa
= -2.92 p = .43 |
Qb
= -0.08 p = .87 |
Qab
= -0.92 p = .45 |
| SSQ – Nausea (/27) | 3.70 (3.30) | 3.40 (3.37) | 4.06 (4.96) | 4.37 (5.50) |
Qa
= -1.68 p = .41 |
Qb
= 0.05 p = .84 |
Qab
= -0.33 p = .56 |
| SSQ – Oculomotor (/21) | 5.00 (4.52) | 4.70 (3.74) | 3.66 (3.45) | 4.46 (4.13) |
Qa
= -0.96 p = .68 |
Qb
= -0.03 p = .94 |
Qab
= -0.44 p = .65 |
| Navigation duration | |||||||
| Navigation duration (seconds) | 394 (161) | 408 (171) | 439 (136) | 404 (154) |
Qa
= 49.86 p = .40 |
Qb
= 40.07
p = .01 |
Qab
= 84.27
p = .05 |
FEP, first-episode psychosis; CTL, healthy controls; Async., asynchronous avatar; Sync., synchronous avatar; IPQ, IGroup Presence Questionnaire; SSQ, Simulator Sickness Questionnaire; Q, robust ANOVA statistic; p, robust ANOVA p-value. In bold: statistically significant results.