Table 3.
Summary of approved antiviral treatments for Coronavirus.
| Antiviral Agents | Virus Target | Mechanism of Action | Route of Administration | Category | Target | Indication | Approval Status | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Remdesivir (Veklury®) | SARS-CoV-2 | Inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) | Intravenous (IV) | Adenosine analog | RdRp inhibitor | Hospitalized and non-hospitalized adults and pediatrics at high risk of progression to severe disease | FDA approved | [146] |
| Molnupiravir (Lagevrio®) | SARS-CoV-2 | Induces viral RNA mutagenesis | Oral | Nucleoside analog | RdRp inhibitor | Adults with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 are at high risk of progression to severe disease | EUA and approved in many countries | [147] |
| Nirmatrelvir + Ritonavir (Paxlovid®) | SARS-CoV-2 | Protease inhibitor (inhibits viral replication) | Oral | Protease inhibitor | Mpro | Mild-to-moderate COVID-19 patients at risk of progression to severe disease | Approved in the United States, the United Kingdom, and EU; EUA in many countries | [148] |
| Bebtelovimab | SARS-CoV-2 (all variants) | Monoclonal antibody (targets spike protein) | Intravenous (IV) | mAb | S-protein | Treatment of COVID-19 in non-hospitalized patients | EUA by US FDA | [143] |
| Sotrovimab (Xevudy) | SARS-CoV-2 | Monoclonal antibody (targets highly conserved sequences) | Intravenous (IV) | mAb | S-protein | Mild-to-moderate COVID-19 patients at risk of progression to severe disease | EUA or approved in many countries | [149] |
| Casirivimab and imdevimab (REGEN-COV) | SARS-CoV-2 | Monoclonal antibody (targets spike protein) | Intravenous (IV) and subcutaneous (SC) | mAb | S-protein | Mild or moderate COVID-19, conditional approval for the prophylaxis and treatment of acute COVID-19 in the United Kingdom | EUA in many countries | [141] |
| Ensitrelvir (Xocova) | SARS-CoV-2 | 3C-like protease inhibitor | Oral | Small molecule | Mpro | May be effective in treating smell and taste loss from the COVID-19 infection | Approved in Japan | [150] |
| Simnotrelvir + ritonavir (Xiannuoxin) | SARS-CoV-2 | Protease inhibitor | Oral | Small molecule | Mpro | Mild-to-moderate COVID-19 | Approved in China | [151] |
| VV116 | SARS-CoV-2 | Nucleoside analogue antiviral drug | Oral | Small molecule | RdRp inhibitor | Non-hospitalized adults with mild-to-moderate disease | Approved in China | [152] |
EUA: Emergency Use Authorization.