Figure 3.

Therapeutic effects of stimulation. (A) The effect of nGVS stimulation on vestibular perception in the roll plane was examined using a psychophysical paradigm on a motion platform. Individual psychometric curves for perceptual performance under zero-current sham vs. nGVS stimulation were calculated. (B) The nGVS stimulation led to an effective reduction in the perceptual threshold in 82% of the participants. (C) Participants with poorer baseline performance were more likely to benefit from the stimulation. (D) The effect of nGVS stimulation on postural control were assessed on a force plate. Participants who showed reduced body sway at intermediate nGVS intensities, and no effect or increased body sway at low or high intensities, were classified as responders (69%); the others were classified as non-responders (see exemplary participant outcomes). (E) Average modulation of body sway from all responding participants. (F) No correlation was observed between baseline performance and the response or non-response to the stimulation. nGVS, noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation.