Table 1.

Zoonotic paramyxoviruses, their hosts, geographical distribution, mortality rate, evolution rate, and epidemic potential risk.

Subfamily	Genus	Species	Primary Host	Spillover Hosts	Distribution	Mortality Rate	Evolution Rate	Epidemic Potential	Refs.
Orthoparamyxovirinae	Henipavirus	Nipah virus (NiV)	Pteropus fruit bats	Pigs, humans	South and Southeast Asia	40–75%	High	Moderate to high (human-to-human transmission)	[7,8,9]
		Hendra virus (HeV)	Pteropus fruit bats	Horses, humans	Australia	57% in humans, 80% in horses	High	Low to moderate (localized outbreaks)	[7,8,9]
		Langya virus (LayV)	Shrews	Humans	China	No deaths reported	Moderate	Low to moderate (few cases)	[10,11,19]
	Respirovirus	Human parainfluenza virus (HPIV 1-4)	Humans, zoonotic potential unclear	None	Global	Low mortality, mild in most cases	Low	Low (seasonal epidemics)	[36,48,49,50,51]
	Morbillivirus	Measles virus (MV)	Humans (potential zoonotic origin)	None	Endemic globally, vaccine-preventable	<1% (with care)	Low, established human pathogen	Low (controlled with vaccination)	[41,42,47]
		Canine distemper virus (CDV)	Domestic and wild canines	Humans (?)	Global in animal hosts	High in animals, rare in humans	Moderate	Low (rare zoonotic spillover)	[52,53]
		Cetacean morbillivirus (CeMV)	Cetaceans	Unknown (potential zoonosis)	Global in cetacean populations	Unknown in humans	Moderate	Low (potential zoonotic risk)	[53]
Rubulavirinae	Pararubulavirus	Menangle virus (MenV)	Fruit bats	Pigs, humans	Australia	Unknown in humans	Moderate	Low (rare zoonotic spillover)	[32,32]
		Sosuga virus (SOSV)	Rousettus aegyptiacus bats	Humans	Central and East Africa	Moderate illness, severity unknown	Moderate	Low (sporadic cases)	[14,33]
Avulavirinae	Orthoavulavirus	Newcastle disease virus (NDV)	Wild birds, poultry	Humans	Global in birds, poultry exposure	Low, mild, self-limiting infections in humans	Moderate	Low (rare zoonotic cases)	[30]