Table 1.

Physical characteristics, blood constituents, and glycemic control at baseline and changes after intervention

	Baseline		Changes after intervention			Two-way ANOVA [group x time]b
	CNT	HPR	CNT	HPR		P value
n	24	25	24	25
Sex (men: women)	9: 15	8: 17	9: 15	8: 17
Age, yr	71 ± 5	69 ± 5	NA	NA		–
Height, cm	159 ± 9	158 ± 8	NA	NA		–
Body weight, kg	58.8 ± 2.1	58.8 ± 1.9	0.6 ± 0.3**	0.4 ± 0.2**		0.57
BMI, kg/m2	23.3 ± 0.7	23.6 ± 0.6	0.2 ± 0.1**	0.2 ± 0.1**		0.61
SBP, mmHg	146 ± 4	147 ± 3	5 ± 2*	3 ± 3		0.58
DBP, mmHg	78 ± 2	83 ± 2	3 ± 1	−1 ± 2		0.11
$\text{e}\stackrel{.}{\text{V}}{\text{O}}_{\text{2peak}}$, ml/min	1455 ± 75	1511 ± 73	−11 ± 32	12 ± 32		0.61
HRpeak, beats/min	146 ± 5	140 ± 3	3 ± 4	3 ± 3		0.99
LDL-C, mg/dl	124 ± 6	123 ± 7	2 ± 5	3 ± 4		0.90
HDL-C, mg/dl	73 ± 5	68 ± 4	0 ± 2	1 ± 1		0.49
TG, mg/dl	113 ± 12	120 ± 13	−10 ± 15	−20 ± 10		0.56
[Glc]fast, mg/dl	110 ± 3	112 ± 4	6 ± 2**	2 ± 2		0.59
HbA1c, %	6.0 ± 0.1	6.1 ± 0.1	0.1 ± 0.1	0.0 ± 0.0		0.41
Insulin, μU/ml	6.7 ± 0.7	6.8 ± 0.8	1.1 ± 0.5**	0.8 ± 0.4**		0.67

CGM [Glc]a (average of days 2–5)
All day
Mean, mg/dl	121 ± 3	125 ± 4	2 ± 2	−2 ± 2		0.16
SD, mg/dl	21.2 ± 1.5	22.4 ± 2.0	1.1 ± 1.2	−0.5 ± 0.8		0.27
TIR (70–140 mg/dl), %	80.5 ± 3.1	76.6 ± 4.4	−2.7 ± 2.5	1.8 ± 2.0		0.17
TAR (> 140 mg/dl), %	18.7 ± 3.1	23.0 ± 4.4	3.0 ± 2.5	−1.6 ± 2.0		0.16
TBR (< 70 mg/dl), %	0.8 ± 0.4	0.4 ± 0.2	−0.3 ± 0.6	−0.2 ± 0.2		0.95
Pre-breakfast
Mean, mg/dl	107 ± 3	110 ± 3	2 ± 2	−2 ± 3		0.17
SD, mg/dl	4.2 ± 0.4	5.2 ± 0.5	0.6 ± 0.5	−1.1 ± 0.5#		0.013
Post-breakfast
tAUC, mg/dl × 180 min	4831 ± 161	5009 ± 215	287 ± 122*	−104 ± 73##		0.008

Values are the mean ± standard deviation (SD) for age and height and the mean ± standard error (SE) for other variables

CNT the white rice group, HPR the high-pressure-processed rice group, BMI body mass index, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, $e\stackrel{.}{V}{O}_{2peak}$ estimated peak aerobic capacity for walking, HR_peak peak heart rate at $\text{e}\stackrel{.}{\text{V}}{\text{O}}_{\text{2peak}}$, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TG triglycerides, [Glc]_fast fasting blood glucose concentration, HbA1c hemoglobin A1c, CGM [Glc] blood glucose concentration measured by continuous glucose monitoring, TIR time in range, TAR time above range, TBR time below range, tAUC total area under the curve, NA not applicable

^aCGM [Glc] data were presented for 24 subjects in the HPR group

^bInteractive effect of group x time (before vs. after intervention)

Significant differences from pre-intervention value, *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01. Significant differences from the corresponding values in the CNT group, #P < 0.05 and ##P < 0.01