Table 4.
Characteristics of the study population
| Variable | All patients (N = 687) |
|---|---|
| Age | 28.6 ± 20.1 |
| Gender | |
| Male | 566 (82.4%) |
| Female | 121(17.6%) |
| Helicopter transport | 54(7.9%) |
| Transfer from another hospital | 21(3.1%) |
| Self-transfer to the hospital | 77 (11.2%) |
| Type of code | |
| Red code | 319 (46.4%) |
| Yellow code | 144 (21%) |
| None | 224(32.6%) |
| Injury Type | |
| Blunt | 501(72.9%) |
| Penetrating | 149 (21.7%) |
| Crush | 14 (2%) |
| Burn | 18(2.6%) |
| Blast | 5(0.7%) |
| Vital signs upon admission | |
| Heart rate | 99 ± 25.5 |
| Respiratory rate | 20.4 ± 3.6 |
| Systolic Blood Pressure | 132.2 ± 26.6 |
| Diastolic blood pressure | 77.4 ± 16.5 |
| Oxygen saturation | 96.9 ± 5.2 |
| Breathing method upon admission | |
| Spontaneous breathing | 519(75.5%) |
| Simple face mask | 113(16.4%) |
| Ambu face mask | 12(1.7%) |
| LMA | 3(0.4%) |
| Endotracheal tube | 32(4.7%) |
| Unknown \ Other | 8(1.1%) |
| Critical Procedures in the ED | |
| Chest tube | 42(6.1%) |
| Endotracheal intubation | 81(11.8%) |
| Receiving blood products | 89(13%) |
| MTP | 13(1.9%) |
| Direct transfer from ED to OR | 111(16.2%) |
| Emergency operations | |
| Laparotomy | 43(6.3%) |
| Craniotomy | 19(2.8%) |
| Thoracotomy | 5(0.7%) |
| Need for surgical intervention | 295(42.9%) |
| Need for mechanical ventilation | 139(20.2%) |
| ICU Admission | 202(29.4%) |
| Hospital LOS | 7.7 ± 13.2 |
| Trauma scoring systems | |
| ISS | 12.7 ± 10.5 |
| ISS > 15 | (32.1%)220 |
| NISS | 16 ± 13.7 |
| GCS | 13.7 ± 2.9 |
| RTS | 7.5 ± 0.8 |
| Probability of survival | 95.3 |
| Probability of survival ≤ 95% | 81(13.2%) |