Table 3.

List of PA antibiotic inactivating enzyme names, gene names, enzyme structures, molecular weights and functions (http://pseudomonas.com)

Enzyme	Gene	Structures	molecular weight (kDa)	function	reference
beta-lactamase	ampC	Contains a folded structural domain of β-lactamase	43.4	Hydrolyzes the β-lactam ring and inactivates many β-lactam antibiotics	[132]
aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme	aacC1	Usually contains an aminoglycoside phosphotransferase domain	30	Phosphorylation of aminoglycoside antibiotics reduces their ability to bind to bacterial ribosomes	[133]
Tetracycline exonuclease	tetA	Contains RND-type transmembrane transporter protein structural domains	51.2	Exclusion of tetracycline antibiotics from cells and reduction of intracellular drug concentration	[134]
macrolide phosphotransferase	mphA	Contains a phosphotransferase structural domain	30	Phosphorylation of macrolide antibiotics reduces their antimicrobial activity	[135]
Sulfonamide-resistant dihydropteroate synthase	sul1/sul2	Contains the structural domain of dihydropteroate synthase	35	Inactivation of sulfonamide drugs by competitive inhibition of dihydropteroic acid synthesis	[136]
Metallo-beta-lactamase	blaNDM	Contains a metallo-β-lactamase structural domain	30	Hydrolyzes the β-lactam ring and inactivates many β-lactam antibiotics including carbapenems	[137]
Beta-lactamase inhibitors	blaZ	Contains a β-lactamase structural domain	28	Hydrolyzed penicillin antibiotics to provide drug resistance	[138]
aminoglycoside acetyltransferase (AGAT)	aac(6')-Ie	Contains an aminoglycoside acetyltransferase structural domain	35	Acetylation of aminoglycoside antibiotics reduces their antibacterial activity	[139]