Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of men and women according to serum levels of SHBG among UKB participants.
| Quintiles of serum levels of SHBG |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 |
| Men | |||||
| n | 25683 | 25681 | 25 664 | 25650 | 25644 |
| Follow-up year, y | 11.8 ± 1.4 | 11.7 ± 1.5 | 11.7 ± 1.6 | 11.6 ± 1.6 | 11.5 ± 1.8 |
| Age, y | 52.5 ± 7.9 | 54.8±8.0 | 56.4±7.9 | 57.6±7.8 | 59.2±7.3 |
| Townsend Deprivation Index | −1.51 ± 2.96 | −1.65 ± 2.90 | −1.68 ± 2.89 | −1.63 ± 2.93 | −1.46 ± 3.03 |
| Family history of CVD, n (%) | 9804 (38.2) | 9809 (38.2) | 9800 (38.2) | 10023 (39.1) | 9920 (38.7) |
| College degree, n (%) | 8717 (33.9) | 8801 (34.3) | 8741 (34.1) | 8713 (34.0) | 8368 (32.6) |
| Smoking status, n (%) | |||||
| Never | 13 784 (53.7) | 13540 (52.7) | 13179 (51.4) | 12 828 (50.0) | 12592 (49.1) |
| Previous | 9511 (37.0) | 9480 (36.9) | 9650 (37.6) | 9529 (37.2) | 9020 (35.2) |
| Current | 2388 (9.3) | 2661 (10.4) | 2835 (11.0) | 3293 (12.8) | 4032 (15.7) |
| Alcohol intake frequency, n (%) | |||||
| Never | 946 (3.7) | 918 (3.6) | 1008 (3.9) | 1116 (4.4) | 1578 (6.2) |
| Special occasions only | 1588 (6.2) | 1437 (5.6) | 1467 (5.7) | 1498 (5.8) | 1909 (7.5) |
| 1 to 3 times a month | 2464 (9.6) | 2131 (8.3) | 2098 (8.2) | 2197 (8.6) | 2215 (8.6) |
| Once or twice a week | 7173 (27.9) | 6871 (26.8) | 6778 (26.4) | 6606 (25.8) | 6621 (25.8) |
| 3 or 4 times a week | 7048 (27.5) | 7430 (28.9) | 7352 (28.7) | 7244 (28.3) | 6682 (26.1) |
| Daily or almost daily | 6450 (25.1) | 6885 (26.8) | 6946 (27.1) | 6966 (27.2) | 6615 (25.8) |
| Physical activity level, n (%) | |||||
| Insufficient | 4920 (19.2) | 4297 (16.7) | 3848 (15.0) | 3265 (12.7) | 3036 (11.8) |
| Sufficient | 14581 (56.8) | 14660 (57.1) | 14564 (56.7) | 14569 (56.8) | 14 246 (55.6) |
| Additional | 6182 (24.1) | 6724 (26.2) | 7252 (28.3) | 7816 (30.5) | 8362 (32.6) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 29.5 ± 4.19 | 28.4 ± 3.99 | 27.7 ± 3.89 | 26.9 ± 3.78 | 25.9 ± 3.81 |
| TT, nmol/L | 9.10 (7.57, 10.8) | 10.6 (9.01,12.4) | 11.7 (9.94, 13.6) | 12.9 (11.0, 14.9) | 14.9 (12.8, 17.4) |
| Estradiol, pmol/La | 203 (188, 231) | 204 (189, 234) | 204 (189, 229) | 204 (189, 230) | 204 (190, 232) |
| SHBG, nmol/L | 21.4 (18.0, 23.9) | 29.9 (28.1, 31.6) | 37.0 (35.2, 38.9) | 45.4 (43.0, 48.1) | 60.7 (55.3, 69.5) |
| Prevalence of diabetes, n (%) | 1949 (7.6) | 1342 (5.2) | 1185 (4.6) | 1050 (4.1) | 1069 (4.2) |
| Prevalence of hypertension, n (%) | 7729 (30.1) | 7315 (28.5) | 7246 (28.2) | 6836 (26.7) | 6248 (24.4) |
| Prevalence of hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 3832 (14.9) | 3377 (13.1) | 3346 (13.0) | 3008 (11.7) | 2638 (10.3) |
| Women | |||||
| n | 27 031 | 27 034 | 27 018 | 27 008 | 27 012 |
| Follow-up year, y | 11.8±1.4 | 11.8±1.3 | 11.8±1.3 | 11.8±1.3 | 11.8±1.3 |
| Age, y | 56.9 ± 7.32 | 57.0 ± 7.70 | 56.6 ± 7.89 | 56.0 ± 8.10 | 55.2 ± 8.34 |
| Townsend Deprivation Index | −1.47 ± 2.93 | −1.65 ± 2.84 | −1.74±2.79 | −1.76±2.79 | −1.67 ± 2.84 |
| Family history of CVD, n (%) | 13147 (48.6) | 12567 (46.5) | 12106 (44.8) | 11 653 (43.1) | 11 306 (41.9) |
| College degree, n (%) | 6815 (25.2) | 7491 (27.7) | 8350 (30.9) | 8810 (32.6) | 9368 (34.7) |
| Smoking status, n (%) | |||||
| Never | 16 076 (59.5) | 16 225 (60.0) | 16410 (60.7) | 16 726 (61.9) | 17 005 (63.0) |
| Previous | 9019 (33.4) | 8624 (31.9) | 8341 (30.9) | 7948 (29.4) | 7592 (28.1) |
| Current | 1936 (7.2) | 2185 (8.1) | 2267 (8.4) | 2334 (8.6) | 2415 (8.9) |
| Alcohol intake frequency, n (%) | |||||
| Never | 2239 (8.3) | 1844 (6.8) | 1744 (6.5) | 1809 (6.7) | 2283 (8.5) |
| Special occasions only | 4387 (16.2) | 3683 (13.6) | 3407 (12.6) | 3282 (12.2) | 3620 (13.4) |
| 1 to 3 times a month | 3963 (14.7) | 3523 (13.0) | 3423 (12.7) | 3321 (12.3) | 3483 (12.9) |
| Once or twice a week | 7089 (26.2) | 7231 (26.8) | 7300 (27.0) | 7438 (27.6) | 7383 (27.4) |
| 3 or 4 times a week | 5257 (19.5) | 5953 (22.0) | 6269 (23.2) | 6355 (23.5) | 6172 (22.9) |
| Daily or almost daily | 4080 (15.1) | 4785 (17.7) | 4863 (18.0) | 4784 (17.7) | 4052 (15.0) |
| Physical activity level, n (%) | |||||
| Insufficient | 4792 (17.7) | 4098 (15.2) | 3611 (13.4) | 3313 (12.3) | 3160 (11.7) |
| Sufficient | 17 044 (63.1) | 17 018 (63.0) | 17146 (63.5) | 16 831 (62.3) | 16650 (61.6) |
| Additional | 5195 (19.2) | 5918 (21.9) | 6261 (23.2) | 6864 (25.4) | 7202 (26.7) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 30.7 ± 5.52 | 28.2 ± 4.85 | 26.6 ± 4.34 | 25.3 ± 3.96 | 24.0 ± 3.57 |
| TT, nmol/L | 1.04 (0.74, 1.41) | 1.04 (0.74, 1.41) | 1.03 (0.74, 1.38) | 1.02 (0.73, 1.37) | 1.02 (0.73, 1.38) |
| Estradiol, pmol/La | 332 (231, 508) | 368 (251, 568) | 399 (270, 624) | 430 (288, 673) | 494 (322, 819) |
| SHBG, nmol/L | 29.6 (24.2, 33.6) | 43.6 (40.4, 46.6) | 56.1 (52.9, 59.4) | 70.8 (66.7, 75.5) | 96.6 (87.5, 111) |
| Prevalence of diabetes, n (%) | 2000 (7.4) | 773 (2.9) | 466 (1.7) | 357 (1.3) | 381 (1.4) |
| Prevalence of hypertension, n (%) | 9474 (35.0) | 7121 (26.3) | 5701 (21.1) | 4700 (17.4) | 3743 (13.9) |
| Prevalence of hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 4073 (15.1) | 2724 (10.1) | 2113 (7.8) | 1642 (6.1) | 1168 (4.3) |
Continuous variables are described as mean±SD for those with normal distribution and median (IQR) for those with nonnormal distribution.
a
In the UKB, only 10630 men and 29062 women had the levels of both SHBG and estradiol.
Abbreviations: Q, quintile.