Table 1.
General characteristics of all participants1
| Total | Male | Female | P-value2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number, n | 860 | 420 | 440 | |
| Age, years | 67.98 ± 6.97 | 69.0 ± 7.48 | 67.0 ± 6.30 | < 0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 27.93 ± 4.64 | 26.30 ± 3.91 | 29.50 ± 4.75 | < 0.001 |
| Weight, kg | 72.27 ± 12.39 | 74.80 ± 12.49 | 69.85 ± 11.82 | < 0.001 |
| Height, cm | 161.0 ± 9.42 | 168.49 ± 6.00 | 153.86 ± 5.89 | < 0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 96.99 ± 10.42 | 94.89 ± 10.16 | 99.00 ± 10.29 | < 0.001 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 101.53 ± 10.26 | 95.88 ± 6.71 | 106.94 ± 10.17 | < 0.001 |
| Waist–hip ratio | 0.95 ± 0.07 | 0.98 ± 0.06 | 0.92 ± 0.06 | < 0.001 |
| Fat free mass (kg) | 45.66 ± 8.77 | 52.45 ± 6.77 | 39.17 ± 4.50 | < 0.001 |
| Percent body fat, % | 36.51 ± 9.64 | 29.34 ± 6.74 | 43.36 ± 6.50 | < 0.001 |
| Body fat mass (kg) | 26.85 ± 9.48 | 22.53 ± 8.03 | 30.98 ± 8.91 | < 0.001 |
| ASM (kg) | 7.13 ± 1.02 | 7.74 ± 0.86 | 6.55 ± 0.79 | < 0.001 |
| Smoking status, n (%) | ||||
|
Yes No |
102 (11.9) 755 (88.1) |
91 (21.8) 327 (78.2) |
11 (2.5) 428 (97.5) |
< 0.001 |
| Education, n (%) | ||||
|
Less than 12th grade More than 12th grade |
719 (83.8) 139 (16.2) |
324 (77.5) 94 (22.5) |
395 (89.8) 45 (10.2) |
< 0.001 |
| Physically activity, MET/week | ||||
|
Less than 600 More than 600 |
369 (44.5) 461 (55.5) |
170 (42.9) 226 (57.1) |
199 (45.9) 235 (54.1) |
0.437 |
| Basal metabolic rate, kcal | 1356.2 ± 189.3 | 1502.9 ± 146.3 | 1216.2 ± 97.3 | < 0.001 |
| Marital status, n (%) | ||||
|
Married Separated/Divorced/Widowed Single |
694 (80.8) 153 (17.8) 12 (1.4) |
395 (94.0) 23 (5.5) 2 (0.5) |
299 (68.1) 130 (29.6) 10 (2.3) |
< 0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | ||||
|
No Yes |
534 (62.1) 326 (37.9) |
261 (62.1) 159 (37.9) |
273 (62.0) 167 (38.0) |
0.999 |
| Fasting Blood Glucose (mg/dl) | 96.91 ± 9.86 | 97.45 ± 10.30 | 96.39 ± 9.42 | 0.118 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dl) | 118(88,162) | 114 (86, 159) | 126.5 (92, 164) | 0.022 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) | 49.14 ± 11.14 | 44.85 ± 10.05 | 53.22 ± 10.60 | < 0.001 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) | 113.94 ± 33.62 | 108.67 ± 33.18 | 118.96 ± 33.30 | < 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 189.63 ± 39.87 | 179.61 ± 40.07 | 199.17 ± 37.30 | < 0.001 |
ASM, Appendicular Skeletal Muscle mass; MET, Metabolic Equivalent; HDL, High Density Lipoprotein; LDL, Low Density Lipoprotein
1 Values are presented as mean ± SD for quantitative variables with normal distribution, median (IQR) for quantitative variables without normal distribution, and frequency (%) for qualitative variables
2 Calculated using independent t-test for quantitative variables with normal distribution, Mann-Whitney U test for quantitative variables without normal distribution, and Chi-square test for qualitative variables