Table 3.
Subgroup analyses results; ketogenic diet as a potential intervention for polycystic ovary syndrome
| Outcomes | Subgroups | Non studies | WMD | 95% CI | I2 (%) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TG (mg/dL) | Study design | RCT | 2 | -47.07 | -113.62, 19.47 | 39.40 |
| Before-after trial | 5 | -44.62 | -57.64, -31.60 | 87.90 | ||
| Country | China | 2 | -54.95 | -70.07, -39.82 | 0.00 | |
| Italy | 3 | -48.25 | -74.10, -22.39 | 86.07 | ||
| Pakistan | 1 | -34.75 | -38.96, -30.54 | - | ||
| USA | 1 | -28.60 | -40.53, -16.66 | - | ||
| Intervention duration | ≤ 10 | 2 | -62.58 | -78.19, -46.97 | 59.59 | |
| > 10 | 5 | -34.61 | -38.33, -30.88 | 0.00 | ||
| TC (mg/dL) | Study design | RCT | 2 | -13.19 | -26.54, 0.16 | 0.00 |
| Before-after trial | 5 | -20.51 | -32.00, -9.02 | 98.19 | ||
| Country | China | 2 | -7.54 | -14.18, -0.89 | 0.00 | |
| Italy | 3 | -27.70 | -41.37, -14.03 | 95.47 | ||
| Pakistan | 1 | -21.45 | -23.04, -19.86 | - | ||
| USA | 1 | 4.40 | -20.74, 29.54 | - | ||
| Intervention duration | ≤ 10 | 2 | -23.65 | -56.02, 8.72 | 98.73 | |
| > 10 | 5 | -21.05 | -25.46, -16.64 | 47.31 | ||
| LDL (mg/dL) | Study design | RCT | 2 | -10.47 | -21.71, 0.76 | 0.00 |
| Before-after trial | 5 | -20.38 | -33.76, -7.01 | 94.06 | ||
| Country | China | 2 | -6.55 | -12.80, -0.29 | 0.000 | |
| Italy | 3 | -25.65 | -39.23, -12.00 | 81.23 | ||
| Pakistan | 1 | -32.17 | -35.15, -29.19 | - | ||
| USA | 1 | 11.88 | -9.95, 33.55 | - | ||
| Intervention duration | ≤ 10 | 2 | -20.29 | -48.91, 8.31 | 96.65 | |
| > 10 | 5 | -17.46 | -30.43, -4.48 | 85.70 | ||
| HDL (mg/dL) | Study design | RCT | 2 | -1.22 | -4.64, 2.20 | 0.00 |
| Before-after trial | 5 | 5.26 | -3.90, 14.43 | 98.39 | ||
| Country | China | 2 | -3.94 | -8.98, 1.09 | 63.99 | |
| Italy | 3 | 7.48 | -3.16, 18.12 | 95.26 | ||
| Pakistan | 1 | 9.45 | 7.78, 11.12 | - | ||
| USA | 1 | -1.60 | -8.67, 5.47 | - | ||
| Intervention duration | ≤ 10 | 2 | 4.56 | -15.81, 24.94 | 99.36 | |
| > 10 | 5 | 3.24 | -2.56, 9.05 | 89.09 | ||
| Fasting glucouse (mg/dL) | Study design | RCT | 3 | -5.47 | -15.55, 4.61 | 76.03 |
| Before-after trial | 5 | -12.56 | -16.96, -8.16 | 94.44 | ||
| Country | China | 2 | -69.46 | -183.28, 45.35 | 98.35 | |
| Italy | 4 | -6.65 | -10.63, -2.66 | 79.64 | ||
| Pakistan | 1 | -9.08 | -9.63, -8.53 | - | ||
| USA | 1 | -18.20 | -31.11, -5.28 | - | ||
| Intervention duration | ≤ 10 | 3 | -45.89 | -88.35, -3.42 | 97.01 | |
| > 10 | 5 | -7.85 | -10.35, -5.35 | 77.71 | ||
| HOMA-IR | Study design | RCT | 2 | -0.14 | -1.07, 0.79 | 0.00 |
| Before-after trial | 4 | -2.30 | -4.29, -0.31 | 99.76 | ||
| Country | China | - | - | - | - | |
| Italy | 6 | -1.92 | -3.65, -0.19 | 99.61 | ||
| Pakistan | - | - | - | - | ||
| USA | - | - | - | - | ||
| Intervention duration | ≤ 10 | 2 | -1.54 | -3.47, 0.38 | 0.00 | |
| > 10 | 4 | -3.46 | -5.47, -1.46 | 99.76 | ||
| LH (mIU/mL) | Study design | RCT | 2 | -1.16 | -6.06, 3.73 | 0.00 |
| Before-after trial | 3 | -3.74 | -3.84, -3.65 | 0.00 | ||
| Country | China | 1 | -0.1 | -6.74, 6.54 | - | |
| Italy | 3 | -3.89 | -4.35, -3.44 | 0.00 | ||
| Pakistan | 1 | -3.74 | -3.83, -3.64 | - | ||
| USA | - | - | - | - | ||
| Intervention duration | ≤ 10 | 2 | -4.82 | -6.59, -3.06 | 0.00 | |
| > 10 | 3 | -3.74 | -3.84, -3.65 | 0.00 | ||
| FSH (mIU/mL) | Study design | RCT | 2 | 0.14 | -1.59, 1.88 | 42.49 |
| Before-after trial | 3 | 0.43 | 0.29, 0.56 | 40.49 | ||
| Country | China | 1 | -0.52 | -1.91, 0.87 | - | |
| Italy | 3 | 0.60 | 0.21, 1.01 | 27.54 | ||
| Pakistan | 1 | 0.39 | 0.35, 0.43 | - | ||
| USA | - | - | - | - | ||
| Intervention duration | ≤ 10 | 2 | 1.02 | 0.36, 1.68 | 0.00 | |
| > 10 | 3 | 0.39 | 0.35, 0.43 | 0.00 | ||
| Total testosterone (ng/dL) | Study design | RCT | 3 | -8.94 | -18.11, 0.21 | 0.00 |
| Before-after trial | 3 | -6.73 | -8.57, -4.88 | 91.83 | ||
| Country | China | 1 | -1.73 | -5.74, 2.28 | - | |
| Italy | 4 | -9.73 | -14.38, -5.07 | 84.59 | ||
| Pakistan | - | - | - | - | ||
| USA | 1 | -3.80 | -18.16, 10.56 | - | ||
| Intervention duration | ≤ 10 | 2 | -8.52 | -13.78, -3.26 | 0.00 | |
| > 10 | 4 | -7.09 | -12.61, -1.57 | 90.54 | ||
| SHBG (nmol/L) | Study design | RCT | 2 | 10.25 | 7.63, 12.87 | 0.00 |
| Before-after trial | 3 | 20.41 | -5.52, 46.35 | 99.43 | ||
| Country | China | - | - | - | - | |
| Italy | 5 | 16.34 | -1.15, 33.85 | 99.19 | ||
| Pakistan | - | - | - | - | ||
| USA | - | - | - | - | ||
| Intervention duration | ≤ 10 | 2 | 11.25 | 0.17, 22.33 | 0.00 | |
| > 10 | 3 | 19.47 | -2.70, 41.65 | 99.59 | ||
WMD: weighted mean difference; RCT: randomized controlled trial