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. 2024 May 21;23(2):1573–1587. doi: 10.1007/s40200-024-01441-3

Table 3.

Subgroup analyses results; ketogenic diet as a potential intervention for polycystic ovary syndrome

Outcomes Subgroups Non studies WMD 95% CI I2
(%)
TG (mg/dL) Study design RCT 2 -47.07 -113.62, 19.47 39.40
Before-after trial 5 -44.62 -57.64, -31.60 87.90
Country China 2 -54.95 -70.07, -39.82 0.00
Italy 3 -48.25 -74.10, -22.39 86.07
Pakistan 1 -34.75 -38.96, -30.54 -
USA 1 -28.60 -40.53, -16.66 -
Intervention duration  ≤ 10 2 -62.58 -78.19, -46.97 59.59
 > 10 5 -34.61 -38.33, -30.88 0.00
TC (mg/dL) Study design RCT 2 -13.19 -26.54, 0.16 0.00
Before-after trial 5 -20.51 -32.00, -9.02 98.19
Country China 2 -7.54 -14.18, -0.89 0.00
Italy 3 -27.70 -41.37, -14.03 95.47
Pakistan 1 -21.45 -23.04, -19.86 -
USA 1 4.40 -20.74, 29.54 -
Intervention duration  ≤ 10 2 -23.65 -56.02, 8.72 98.73
 > 10 5 -21.05 -25.46, -16.64 47.31
LDL (mg/dL) Study design RCT 2 -10.47 -21.71, 0.76 0.00
Before-after trial 5 -20.38 -33.76, -7.01 94.06
Country China 2 -6.55 -12.80, -0.29 0.000
Italy 3 -25.65 -39.23, -12.00 81.23
Pakistan 1 -32.17 -35.15, -29.19 -
USA 1 11.88 -9.95, 33.55 -
Intervention duration  ≤ 10 2 -20.29 -48.91, 8.31 96.65
 > 10 5 -17.46 -30.43, -4.48 85.70
HDL (mg/dL) Study design RCT 2 -1.22 -4.64, 2.20 0.00
Before-after trial 5 5.26 -3.90, 14.43 98.39
Country China 2 -3.94 -8.98, 1.09 63.99
Italy 3 7.48 -3.16, 18.12 95.26
Pakistan 1 9.45 7.78, 11.12 -
USA 1 -1.60 -8.67, 5.47 -
Intervention duration  ≤ 10 2 4.56 -15.81, 24.94 99.36
 > 10 5 3.24 -2.56, 9.05 89.09
Fasting glucouse (mg/dL) Study design RCT 3 -5.47 -15.55, 4.61 76.03
Before-after trial 5 -12.56 -16.96, -8.16 94.44
Country China 2 -69.46 -183.28, 45.35 98.35
Italy 4 -6.65 -10.63, -2.66 79.64
Pakistan 1 -9.08 -9.63, -8.53 -
USA 1 -18.20 -31.11, -5.28 -
Intervention duration  ≤ 10 3 -45.89 -88.35, -3.42 97.01
 > 10 5 -7.85 -10.35, -5.35 77.71
HOMA-IR Study design RCT 2 -0.14 -1.07, 0.79 0.00
Before-after trial 4 -2.30 -4.29, -0.31 99.76
Country China - - - -
Italy 6 -1.92 -3.65, -0.19 99.61
Pakistan - - - -
USA - - - -
Intervention duration  ≤ 10 2 -1.54 -3.47, 0.38 0.00
 > 10 4 -3.46 -5.47, -1.46 99.76
LH (mIU/mL) Study design RCT 2 -1.16 -6.06, 3.73 0.00
Before-after trial 3 -3.74 -3.84, -3.65 0.00
Country China 1 -0.1 -6.74, 6.54 -
Italy 3 -3.89 -4.35, -3.44 0.00
Pakistan 1 -3.74 -3.83, -3.64 -
USA - - - -
Intervention duration  ≤ 10 2 -4.82 -6.59, -3.06 0.00
 > 10 3 -3.74 -3.84, -3.65 0.00
FSH (mIU/mL) Study design RCT 2 0.14 -1.59, 1.88 42.49
Before-after trial 3 0.43 0.29, 0.56 40.49
Country China 1 -0.52 -1.91, 0.87 -
Italy 3 0.60 0.21, 1.01 27.54
Pakistan 1 0.39 0.35, 0.43 -
USA - - - -
Intervention duration  ≤ 10 2 1.02 0.36, 1.68 0.00
 > 10 3 0.39 0.35, 0.43 0.00
Total testosterone (ng/dL) Study design RCT 3 -8.94 -18.11, 0.21 0.00
Before-after trial 3 -6.73 -8.57, -4.88 91.83
Country China 1 -1.73 -5.74, 2.28 -
Italy 4 -9.73 -14.38, -5.07 84.59
Pakistan - - - -
USA 1 -3.80 -18.16, 10.56 -
Intervention duration  ≤ 10 2 -8.52 -13.78, -3.26 0.00
 > 10 4 -7.09 -12.61, -1.57 90.54
SHBG (nmol/L) Study design RCT 2 10.25 7.63, 12.87 0.00
Before-after trial 3 20.41 -5.52, 46.35 99.43
Country China - - - -
Italy 5 16.34 -1.15, 33.85 99.19
Pakistan - - - -
USA - - - -
Intervention duration  ≤ 10 2 11.25 0.17, 22.33 0.00
 > 10 3 19.47 -2.70, 41.65 99.59

WMD: weighted mean difference; RCT: randomized controlled trial