Table 1.

Summary of catheter-directed thrombolysis studies

Study	Population	Intervention	Main Outcomes	Key Findings
Enden et al. [6]	189 patients with iliofemoral DVT	CDT vs. control	- Oral anticoagulation within therapeutic range at 6 months: CDT 61.1%, Control 52.6%—Oral anticoagulation within therapeutic range at 24 months: CDT 65.4%, Control 50.0%—Reduction in PTS at 24 months: Absolute risk reduction of 14.4%—Iliofemoral patency at 6 months: Significantly improved in CDT group	- Higher oral anticoagulation rates in CDT group—Significant reduction in PTS at 24 months in CDT group—Improved iliofemoral patency in CDT group—20 bleeding complications in CDT group (3 major, 5 clinically relevant)
Notten et al. [8]	Not specified	Different treatment approaches for PTS	- Development of PTS: Reduced with ultrasound-accelerated CDT—Quality of life measures: No clinically relevant improvement	- Additional ultrasound-accelerated CDT reduced PTS, especially mild PTS—No clinically relevant improvement in quality of life
Zhu et al. [9]	Patients with lower extremity DVT	Ultrasound-guided CDT (Group A) vs. Non-guided CDT (Group B)	- Success rate with a single intubation attempt: Higher in Group A—Operation time: Significantly shorter in Group A—Incidence of hematoma at the intubation site: Significantly lower in Group A—Circumferential diameter before and after thrombolysis: Significantly better results in Group A—Venous patency of the affected limb: Significantly higher in Group A—Incidence of long-term PTS: Significantly lower in Group A	- Group A had higher success rate, shorter operation time, and fewer complications—Improved outcomes with ultrasound-guided CDT
Engelberger et al. [10]	48 patients with acute iliofemoral DVT	CDT vs. USAT	- PTS: Low incidence in both groups at 12 months—Quality of life measures: No significant difference between CDT and USAT groups	- Low incidence of PTS in both groups—Good quality of life in both groups—No significant difference between CDT and USAT groups
Zhang et al. [11]	386 patients with iliofemoral DVT	CDT alone vs. CDT with balloon angioplasty	- PTS severity at 2 years: No significant difference—Quality of Life (QoL): No significant difference—Impact based on duration of symptoms: Potential benefit of balloon angioplasty in subacute DVT	- No significant difference in PTS severity and QoL between groups—Potential benefit of balloon angioplasty in subacute DVT
Wang et al. [12]	Not specified	Case series studies on CDT complications	- Risk of major complications: Pooled risk of 3%—Risk of PE: Pooled risk of 0%—Risk of mortality: Pooled risk of 7%	- Low risk of complications with CDT—Very low risk of PE and rare mortality risk
Javed et al. [13]	Patients with acute proximal DVT	LCBIs vs. control	- Rate of PTS: Reduced with LCBIs—Major bleeding events: Increased with LCBIs	- LCBIs reduce PTS and moderate to severe PTS—Increased risk of major bleeding events
Lu et al. [13]	Patients with acute lower extremity DVT	CDT plus anticoagulation vs. anticoagulation alone	- Percentage patency of iliofemoral vein: Increased with CDT—Risk of PTS: Reduced with CDT—Risk of bleeding and PE events: Increased with CDT	- CDT improves venous patency and reduces PTS—Higher risk of bleeding and PE events with CDT—Longer hospital stay and higher charges in CDT group