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. 2024 Nov 26;15:10233. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-54331-w

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — A Schematic of ALD equipped with a rotary-bed attachment, ALD process for depositing a 5 nm thick amorphous Nb₂O₅ coating on SC-NMC particles, and composite cathode assembly. B High-resolution TEM micrograph showing amorphous Nb₂O₅ coating and layered (R-3m) structure of an SC-NMC particle. FFTs from marked regions are also presented. C HDAAF-STEM EDS maps showing conformal Nb₂O₅ coating and distribution of elements in an SC-NMC particle. XPS core scans corresponding to (D) Nb 3d peak (E) O 1s peak from Nb₂O₅-coated SC-NMC powder.