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. 2024 Nov 26;15:10233. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-54331-w

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Rate capability trends of LTO|SE|NMC cells with (A) uncoated and (B) Nb₂O₅-coated composite cathodes. Voltage profiles of (C) uncoated and (D) Nb₂O₅-coated cathodes at different C-rates (C/10, C/5, C/2, 1C, 2C; where 1C = 3 mA·cm⁻²) at a cut-off voltage of 4.7 V vs Li/Li⁺. Comparison of polarization estimated from dQ/dV analysis of voltage profiles at different C-rates for (E) uncoated and (F) Nb₂O₅-coated electrodes. G Nyquist impedance plots of uncoated and Nb₂O₅-coated cathodes after the rate capability tests. H Zoomed-in view showing Nyquist impedance plots of Nb₂O₅-coated cathodes. I Comparison of interfacial impedance for uncoated and Nb₂O₅-coated cathodes after the rate capability tests. The temperature during testing was 60 °C and stack pressure was 7 MPa.