Fig. 8.

Decision curve of the nomogram. (a) Training cohort and (b) Validation cohort. The X-axis represents different risk thresholds, while Y-axis represents net benefit. The red line indicates the net benefit of the nomogram model across different thresholds. The gray line (ALL), representing the "treat all as high risk", assumes that every individual is considered as high risk and therefore receives treatment or intervention. The gray-black line (None), representing the strategy where "no one is treated", assumes that no interventions are made based on the model.