Table 1.
Study characteristics of included studies of Cultural Adaptations of Psychological Interventions for Prevalent Sleep-Wake Disorders (N =56)
| Article | Underserved population | N | Women (%) | White (%) | Latino (%) | Black (%) | Asian (%) | Other (%) | Age M (SD) | Education M (SD); %)a | Income (%) | Disability (%) | Unemployment (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acceptance and Commitment Therapy | |||||||||||||
| 75. Herbert et al., 2017 | Veterans with chronic, nonterminal pain condition | 129 | 7.8 | 47.0 | 14 | 28 | 5 | 6 | 52 (13.3) | - | < $20,000 : 36 | - | - |
| 76. Lang et al., 2017 | Veterans | 160 | 20.0 | 75.0 | 13.1 | 11.3 | 3.8 | 10 | 34.2 (8) | 14.2 (2.1); HS or less 20.2 | < $10,000 : 13.1 $10,000 −24,999: 25.6 | - | 26.9 |
| 77. Mosher et al., 2018 | Women with Stage IV breast cancer | 47 | 100 | 89.4 | - | - | - | - | Tx: 59.3 (12.0); Ctrl: 53.3 (10.9) | Tx: 14.3 (2.1); Ctrl: 14.5 (2.6) | ≤ $50,999 : 31.9 | - | 4.3 |
| Behavioral Therapy | |||||||||||||
| 63, 64. Berger et al., 2009a,bc | Women with breast cancer | 219 | 100 | 96.5 | 3.5 | - | - | - | Tx:51.6; Ctrl: 52.9 | ≤ HS 19.7 | < $20,000 : 5.8 | - | - |
| 69. Gebara et al., 2019 | Older veterans | 11 | 27.3 | 81.8 | - | 18.2 | - | - | Tx: 64 (2.5); Ctrl: 66.2 (5.4) | <HS 18.2 | - | 27.3 | - |
| 65. Germain et al., 2012 | Veterans with sleep complains | 50 | 10.0 | 82.0 | - | - | - | - | Tx: 40 (14.1); Ctrl1: 39.4 (11.9); Ctrl2: 43.6 (14.) | - | - | - | - |
| 66. Germain et al., 2014 | Combatexposed Military Veterans | 40 | 15.0 | 78.0 | - | - | - | - | Tx: 40.9 (12.0); Ctrl: 35.9 (11.2) | - | - | - | - |
| 67. Johnson et al., 2016 | Veteran men with nocturia | 72 | 0 | 47.2 | 1.4 | 45.8 | - | 4.2 | Tx: 66.2 (12.8); Ctrl.1: 63.7 (11.7); Ctrl.2: 67.8 (10.8) | - | < $30,000 : 61.1 | - | - |
| 70. Lee et al., 2020d | Adults diagnosed with | 51 | 26.0 | 49.0 | - | 38. | - | - | 57 (6.8) | ≤ HS 28 | - | - | 100e |
| HIV/AIDS with fatigue | |||||||||||||
| 68. Martin et al., 2017 | Veterans 60 yrs or older | 42 | 7.1 | 71.4 | - | - | - | - | 77.1 (9.9) | 14.5 (2.5) | - | - | 100 |
| Cognitive Behavioral Therapy | |||||||||||||
| 71. Brenes et al., 2016 | Rural older adults | 141 | 81.6 | 90.8 | - | 5.7 | - | 3.5 | 66.8 (6.2) | < HS: 5 | ≤ $24,999 : 23.4 | - | - |
| 72. Heapy et al., 2017 | Veterans with chronic back pain | 125 | 22.4 | 64.5 | 7.3 | 25.8 | - | 2.4 | 57.9 (11.6) | 13.9 (2.1) | - | 18.4 | 15.2 |
| 73. Stanley et al., 2016 | Older adults from lowincome, or minority communities with anxiety worry | 40 | 9.0 | 15.0 | 2.5 | 82.5 | - | 2.5 | 62.9 (8) | 13.6 (1.8) | < $10,000 : 38.5 $10,000 - $20,000 : 28.2 | 26.3 | - |
| 74. Stanley et al., 2018 | Older adults from lowincome, or minority communities with anxiety or worry | 134 | 81.3 | 17.1 | 4.5 | 76.8 | - | 1.5 | 66.9 (9.2) | 13.6 (2.8) | < $10,000 : 26.9 | - | - |
| Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia | |||||||||||||
| 35. Alessi et al., 2016 | Older veterans with insomnia | 159 | 3.1 | 78.6 | 6.3 | 4.4 | - | 7.6 | 72.2 (7.7) | < HS: 3.8, HS: 15.7 | - | - | 76.1 |
| 50. Cain et al., 2019 | Pregnant women | 53 | 100 | 41.5 | 26.4 | 56.6 | - | 3.8 | 29.1 (5.6) | - | - | - | - |
| 51. Chakravorty et al., 2019 | Alcoholdependent veterans | 22 | 0 | - | - | 73 | - | - | 54.5 (6.9) | 12 (0.8) | - | - | 64 |
| 36. Drake et al., 2019 | Postmenopaus al women with insomnia | 150 | 100 | 52.0 | 0.7 | 39.3 | - | 2 | 56.4 (5.6) | - | - | - | - |
| 38. Edinger et al., 2009 | Veterans with insomnia | 81 | 13.6 | 58.0 | - | - | - | - | 54.2 (13.7) | - | - | - | - |
| 37. Edinger & Sampson, 2003 | Veterans | 20 | 14.0 | 75.0 | 0 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 51 (13.7) | - | - | - | - |
| 39. Epstein & Dirksen, 2007 | Women with breast cancer | 72 | 100 | 95.8 | 0 | 2.8 | 0 | 1.4 | Tx: 57.1 (9.8); Ctrl: 59.1 (10.6) | Tx: 15.7 (3); Ctrl: 15.2 (2.5) | - | - | - |
| 40. Fiorentino et al., 2010 | Breast cancer survivors | 14 | 100 | 85.7 | 7.1 | - | 7.1 | 7.1 | 61 (11.6) | - | - | - | - |
| 41. Fung et al., 2016 | Older veterans | 134 | 3.0 | 78.4 | - | - | - | - | 72.2 (7.7) | <HS 4.5; HS 14.2 | - | - | - |
| 52. Kalmbach et al., 2019 | Postmenopaus al women | 150 | 100 | 52 | 0.7 | 39.3 | - | 2 | 56.4 (5.6) | - | - | - | 28.7 |
| 42. Laurel Franklin et al., 2018 | Rural veterans with PTSD | 18 | 0 | 28 | - | 66 | - | 6 | 53.8 (12) | HS 22.3 | - | - | 28 |
| 54. Manber et al., 2019f | Pregnant women | 179 | 100 | 48 | 38 | 3.4 | 14.5 | 28.5 | 33 | - | - | - | - |
| 43. Margolies et al., 2013 | Veterans with PTSD | 40 | 10.0 | 40 | - | 60 | - | - | 37.7 (9.1) | - | - | - | - |
| 44. Matthews et al., 2014 | Women breast cancer survivors with chronic insomnia | 56 | 100 | - | - | - | - | - | Tx: 52.2 (6.9); Ctrl: 52.9 (7.8) | C: 66.1 | Tx: $60,001 $80,000 ; Ctrl: $40,001 $60,000 b | - | - |
| 45. McCurry et al., 2016 | Postmenopaus al women with insomnia symptoms and hot flashes | 106 | 100 | 91.5 | - | 0.9 | - | 7.6 | 54.8 (4.2) | < HS or GED: 4.7 | - | - | - |
| 46. Palesh et al., 2018 | Women with Stage I-III breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy | 71 | 100 | 9 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 52.5 (9.8) | - | - | - | - |
| 47. Pigeon et al., 2017 | Veterans with a diagnosis of MDD and sleep problems | 27 | 11.1 | 81.5 | - | 18.5 | - | - | - | < HS 7.4; HS 37 | - | - | 29.6 |
| 53. Pigeon et al., 2019 | Veterans | 50 | 20.0 | 70 | 4 | - | - | - | 54.8 | ≤ HS or GED 38 | - | - | - |
| 48. Scogin et al., 2018 | Rural middleaged and older adults | 40 | 90 | 57.5 | - | - | - | - | 58.1 (5.6) | Tx: 13.5 5); Ctrl: 12.7 (1.9) | - | 32.5 | 17.5 |
| 49. Ulmer et al., 2011 | Veterans with PTSD | 22 | 38.8 | 33.3 | - | 33.3 | - | 33.3 | 46 (11.1) | - | - | - | - |
| Cognitive Processing Therapy | |||||||||||||
| 78. Galovski et al., 2016 | Women interpersonal assault survivors | 92 | 100 | 50 | 3 | 50 | - | 20 | 36.9 (11.8) | 14.2 (2.9); > HS: 50% | ≤ $20,000 : 74 | - | - |
| 79. Galovski et al., 2009 | Women sexual assault survivors suffering from PTSD | 108 | 100 | 84.3 | - | - | - | - | 33 (10.) | 15 (2) | ≤ $20,000 : 29.6 | - | - |
| 80. Gutner et al., 2013 | Women rape victims with PTSD | 171 | 100 | 71.6 | - | 25.4 | - | 3 | ITT sample 32 (10) | 14.4 (2.3) | - | - | - |
| Complementary and Alternative Therapy | |||||||||||||
| 55. Innes & Selfe, 2012 | Older women | 20 | 100 | 75 | - | 25 | - | 20 | Tx: 58.4 (2); Ctrl: 58.9 (2.9) | <4 years C: 35% | - | - | 35 |
| 56. Irwin et al., 2017 | Breast cancer Survivors with insomnia | 90 | 100 | 85.6 | - | - | - | - | Tx: 59.6 (7.9); Ctrl: 60 (9.3) | Tx: 15.8 (1.2); Ctrl: 15.7 (1.4) | - | - | 38.9 |
| 61. Jamison et al., 2019 | Veterans with current or recent PTSD | 80 | 12.5 | 43.8 | - | 22.5 | 7.5 | 26.3 | 53.1 (10.8) | - | - | - | - |
| 57. Nakamura et al., 2017 | Veterans with Gulf War Illness Symptoms | 60 | 10 | 85 | 8.3 | 6.7 | 0 | 5 | 50.7 (7.3) | - | - | - | - |
| 58. Nakamura et al., 2011 | Veterans with self-reported sleep disturbance | 63 | 4.8 | - | - | - | - | - | Tx: 49.9 (10.3); Ctrl: 53.8 (10.4) | - | - | - | - |
| 59. Nidich et al., 2016 | Men in prison | 181 | 0 | 52.5 | 6.6 | 16 | - | 24.9 | 29 | - | - | - | - |
| 62. Porter et al., 2019 | Women with metastatic breast cancer | 63 | 100 | 74 | - | - | - | - | 57.3(11.5) | 17(6.9); HS/SC: 28.6 | ≤ $50,000 : 39.7 | - | 71.4 |
| 60. Stoerkel et al., 2018 | Women with breast cancer for whom surgery would be their initial treatment | 100 | 100 | 54 | 14 | 20 | 4 | - | 31–35: 1%; 36–45: 11%; >45: 81% | <HS:0; HS: 10% | - | - | - |
| Eclectic Therapy | |||||||||||||
| 85. Alschuler et al., 2018 | Adults with multiple sclerosis that causes disability | 28 | 92.9 | 82.1 | - | 7.1 | 3.6 | 3.6 | Tx: 59.8 (7.7); Ctrl: 59.8 (6.5) | HS or GED: 7.1% | - | 100 | - |
| 86. Church et al., 2016 | Veterans with PTSD | 21 | 33.0 | - | - | - | - | - | 56 | - | - | - | - |
| 87. Kahn et al., 2016 | Veterans | 160 | 18.8 | 52.5 | 25.4 | 11.6 | 5 | 7.7 | 33.4 (6.6) | < HS: 0; HS or GED: 11 | - | - | - |
| Imagery Rehearsal Therapy | |||||||||||||
| 89. Cook et al., 2010 | Male veterans with chronic, severe PTSD | 124 | 0 | 41.9 | - | 51.6 | - | 6.4 | 59.4 (3.6) | <HS: 15.3; HS: 39.5 | - | - | 30.3 |
| 90. Harb et al., 2019 | Veterans | 108 | 13.9 | 58.3 | - | 37 | - | 4.6 | 37.1 | ≤ HS 34.3 | - | - | 56.5e |
| 88. Krakow et al., 2001 | Women sexual assault survivors with PTSD | 168 | 100 | 62.5 | - | - | - | 37.5 | Tx: Completer 40 (11.2), Noncomple ter 37 (12.7); Ctrl: Completer 36 (9.3), Noncomple | < C: 62 | ≤ $10,000 : 45 ter 31 (10.5) | - | - |
| Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction | |||||||||||||
| 81. Cash et al., 2015 | Women with fibromyalgia | 91 | 100 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 82. Lengacher et al., 2015 | Women diagnosed with breast cancer | 79 | 100 | 73.4 | 11.4 | 10.1 | - | 5.1 | 57 (9.7) | <HS: 20 | < $10,000 : 11.7 $10,000 - $20,000 : 20.8 | - | - |
| 83. Shapiro et al., 2003 | Women with Stage II breast cancer who were cancerfree at the time of the study | 63 | 100 | 85.7 | 7.9 | 3.2 | - | - | 57 (9.7) | HS: 49.2 | - | 14.3 | - |
| 84. Witek Janusek et al., 2019 | Women with breast cancer | 164 | 100 | 76.8 | 4.3 | 14 | 1.2 | 1.8 | 55.1 | - | $10,000 - $29,000 : 17.7 | - | - |
| Problem-solving Therapy | |||||||||||||
| 91. Bedford et al., 2018 | College student veterans with at least mild depression | 24 | 20.8 | 70.8 | 29.2 | - | - | - | 32.7 (7.5) | - | - | - | 45.8 |
Note: Separate values for treatment and control condition were reported if an overall value was not reported; Reference number precedes author name in Article column. PTSD= Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder; MDD=Major Depressive Disorder
a
HS: High School, SC: Some College, C: College graduate
b
Income refers to median annual income
c
Values reported are from Berger et al., 2009b
d
Lee et al., 2020 was the only article to report percentage gender minority characteristics: Transgender 4%
e
Lee et al., 2020: unemployed included people who were unemployed, retired, and/or had a disability; Hard et al., 2019: unemployed included people who were unemployed and/or retired
f
Manber et al., 2019 reported 24.02% of participants received treatment in Spanish.