Table 3.
Risk of Bias Assessment of Included Studies of Psychological Interventions for Sleep-Wake Disorders
| Article | Selection Bias: Random Sequence Generation | Selection Bias: Allocation Concealment | Performance Bias | Detection Bias | Attrition Bias | Reportin’ Bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| 75. Herbert et al., 2017 | Low | Low | High | Low | Low | Low |
| 76. Lang et al., 2017 | Low | Low | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Unclear |
| 77. Mosher et al., 2018 | Low | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Unclear |
| 63,64. Berger et al., 2009a,b | Low | Low | High | Unclear | Low | Unclear |
| 69. Gebara et al., 2019 | Unclear | Unclear | High | Unclear | Low | Unclear |
| 65. Germain et al., 2012 | Low | Unclear | Unclear | High | Low | Low |
| 66. Germain et al., 2014 | Low | Unclear | High | Unclear | Low | Low |
| 67. Johnson et al., 2016 | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | High | Low |
| 70. Lee et al., 2020 | Low | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low |
| 68. Martin et al., 2017 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| 71. Brenes et al., 2016 | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Low | High | Low |
| 72. Heapy et al., 2017 | Low | Low | High | High | Low | Low |
| 73. Stanley et al., 2016 | Low | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Low |
| 74. Stanley et al., 2018 | Low | Low | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low |
| 35. Alessi et al., 2016 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| 50. Cain et al., 2019 | Low | Low | High | High | Low | High |
| 51. Chakravorty et al., 2019 | Low | Low | High | Unclear | Low | Low |
| 36. Drake et al., 2019 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| 37. Edinger & Sampson, 2003 | Unclear | Unclear | High | Unclear | Low | Unclear |
| 38. Edinger et al., 2009 | Low | Unclear | High | Unclear | Unclear | Low |
| 39. Epstein & Dirksen, 2007 | Low | Unclear | High | Unclear | High | Unclear |
| 40. Fiorentino et al., 2010 | Low | Unclear | High | Unclear | High | Unclear |
| 41. Fung et al., 2016 | Low | Low | Low | Low | High | Unclear |
| 52. Kalmbach et al., 2019 | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Unclear | High |
| 42. Laurel Franklin et al., 2018 | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | High | Low |
| 54. Manber et al., 2019 | Low | Low | Low | Low | High | Low |
| 43. Margolies et al., 2013 | Unclear | Unclear | High | High | Low | Unclear |
| 44. Matthews et al., 2014 | Low | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Unclear |
| 45. McCurry et al., 2016 | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| 46. Palesh et al., 2018 | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Unclear |
| 47. Pigeon et al., 2017 | Low | Unclear | Unclear | Low | High | Unclear |
| 53. Pigeon et al., 2019 | Low | Low | High | Low | Low | Low |
| 48. Scogin et al., 2018 | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Low | High | Unclear |
| 49. Ulmer et al., 2011 | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | High | Low | Unclear |
| 78. Galovski et al., 2016 | Low | Low | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Unclear |
| 79. Galovski et al., 2009 | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Unclear |
| 80. Gutner et al., 2013 | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Unclear |
| 55. Innes & Selfe, 2012 | Low | Low | High | Low | Unclear | Unclear |
| 56. Irwin et al., 2017 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| 61. Jamison et al., 2019 | Unclear | Unclear | High | High | Low | Low |
| 58. Nakamura et al., 2011 | Low | Low | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Unclear |
| 57. Nakamura et al., 2017 | Low | Unclear | High | Low | Low | Low |
| 59. Nidich et al., 2016 | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | High | Unclear |
| 62. Porter et al., 2019 | Low | Low | Low | Low | High | Unclear |
| 60. Stoerkel et al., 2018 | Low | Unclear | High | Unclear | Low | Low |
| 85. Alschuler et al., 2018 | Low | Unclear | High | Unclear | Low | Low |
| 86. Church et al., 2016 | Low | Low | High | High | Low | Unclear |
| 87. Kahn et al., 2016 | Low | Low | High | High | Low | Low |
| 89. Cook et al., 2010 | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Unclear |
| 90. Harb et al., 2019 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| 88. Krakow et al., 2001 | Low | Unclear | High | Low | Low | Unclear |
| 81. Cash et al., 2015 | Low | High | High | Unclear | Low | Low |
| 82. Lengacher et al., 2015 | Low | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Low |
| 83. Shapiro et al., 2003 | Unclear | High | High | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear |
| 84. Witek Janusek et al., 2019 | Low | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Low |
| 91. Bedford et al., 2018 | Low | Low | High | High | Low | Unclear |
Note: Reference number precedes author name in Article column.