Table 4.
Types of Cultural Adaptations of Psychological Interventions for Prevalent Sleep-Wake Disorders (N=56)
| Article | Underserved Population | Primary Intervention | Cultural adaptationa | Surface adaptation | Deep adaptation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acceptance and Commitment Therapy | |||||
| 75. Herbert et al., 2017 | Veterans with chronic, nonterminal pain condition | VTC-ACT | Surface | Delivery modality (video conferencing) | - |
| 76. Lang et al., 2017 | Veterans | ACT | None | - | - |
| 77. Mosher et al., 2018 | Women with Stage IV breast cancer | ACT | Both | Delivery modality (telephone) | Content (inclusion of cancer related experiences) |
| Behavioral Therapy | |||||
| 63,64. Berger et al., 2009a,b | Women with breast cancer | BT | Both | Setting (safe location: Treatment took place in a location of patient’s preference or at home) | Core component (relaxed sleep hygiene guidelines, usual sleep time plus one hour in response to chemotherapy); Content (inclusion of patient reported symptoms after chemotherapy) |
| 69. Gebara et al., 2019 | Older veterans | BBTI | None | - | - |
| 65. Germain et al., 2012 | Veterans with sleep complains | BT,IRT | Deep | - | Core component (combined BT elements and IRT) |
| 66. Germain et al., 2014 | Combat-exposed Military Veterans | BTI-MV | Deep | - | Content (included information about military specific factors relating to sleep) |
| 67. Johnson et al., 2016 | Veteran men with nocturia | M-BET | None | - | - |
| 70. Lee et al., 2020 | Adults diagnosed with HIV/AIDS with fatigue and unemployed, retired or on disability | BT | Surface | Other (provision of hands on activities and materials) | - |
| 68. Martin et al., 2017 | Veterans 60 yrs or older | BT | Both | Treatment dose (duration; length of sessions) | Core component (substitution of sleep compression in place of sleep restriction therapy and modifications of standard stimulus control instructions) |
| Cognitive Behavioral Therapy | |||||
| 71. Brenes et al., 2016 | Rural older adults | CBT | Surface | Delivery modality (telephone) | - |
| 72. Heapy et al., 2017 | Veterans with chronic back pain | IVR-CBT | Surface | Delivery modality (interactive voice response) | - |
| 73. Stanley et al., 2016 | Older adults from lowincome, or minority communities with anxiety or worry | CBT | Both | Delivery modality (telephone or in person); Setting (at home or a community partner site); Treatment dose (duration; number of sessions) | Sociocultural strategies and cultural values (incorporated religion and/or spirituality coping skills) |
| 74. Stanley et al., 2018 | Older adults from low income, or minority communities with anxiety or worry | CBT | Both | Constituent-involving strategies (delivery modality by nonclinicians); Delivery modality (telephone or in person); Setting (at home or a community partner site); Treatment dose (duration; inclusion of monthly booster sessions for up to 3months) | Linguistic (adjustment of materials to literacy level); Sociocultural strategies and cultural values (incorporated religion and/or spirituality coping skills) |
| Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia | |||||
| 35. Alessi et al., 2016 | Older veterans with insomnia disorder | CBT-I | Surface | Constituent-involving strategies (delivery modality by nonclinicians) | - |
| 50. Cain et al., 2019 | Pregnant women | CBT-I | Both | Setting (delivered at gynecological clinics ); Delivery modality (online); Constituent-involving strategies (intervention delivered by specialists in obstetrics and gynecology) | Core component (sessions addressed sleep hygiene during pregnancy and the postpartum period; sleep restriction was excluded from weekly discussions but remained in the online information and participants were advised not to utilize this method during pregnancy); Content (newborn care ) |
| 51. Chakravorty et al., 2019 | Alcohol-dependent veterans | CBT-I | Surface | Setting (safe location: Veterans hospital) | - |
| 36. Drake et al., 2019 | Postmenopausal women with insomnia | CBT-I | None | - | - |
| 37. Edinger & Sampson, 2003 | Veterans | CBT-I | None | - | - |
| 38. Edinger et al., 2009 | Veterans with primary/secondary insomnia | CBT-I | None | - | - |
| 39. Epstein & Dirksen, 2007 | Women with breast cancer | CBT-I | Surface | Delivery modality (group setting) | - |
| 40. Fiorentino et al., 2010 | Breast cancer survivors | CBT-I | Deep | - | Content (Inclusion of thoughts and fears of occurrence of cancer) |
| 41. Fung et al., 2016 | Older veterans | CBT-I | None | - | - |
| 52. Kalmbach et al., 2019 | Postmenopausal women | CBT-I | None | - | - |
| 42. Laurel Franklin et al., 2018 | Rural veterans with PTSD | Telephonebased CBT-I | Surface | Delivery modality (telephone) | - |
| 54. Manber et al., 2019 | Pregnant women | CBT-I | Both | Linguistic (intervention delivered in Spanish) | Core component (sleep restriction therapy modified for pregnancy with initial time in bed recommendations equal to average total sleep time plus 30min and never less than 5.5h, and tips to improve postpartum sleep); Content (education about infant sleep development) |
| 43. Margolies et al., 2013 | Veterans with PTSD | CBT-I, IRT | Both | Setting (safe location: Veterans hospital) | Core component (combined CBT-I elements and IRT) |
| 44. Matthews et al., 2014 | Women breast cancer survivors with chronic insomnia | CBT-I | None | - | - |
| 45. McCurry et al., 2016 | Postmenopausal women with insomnia symptoms and hot flashes | Telephonebased CBT-I | Both | Constituent-involving strategies (use of role models: sleep coaches were Women); Delivery modality (telephone) | Content (sleep changes during menopause) |
| 46. Palesh et al., 2018 | Female with Stage I-III breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy | BBT-CI | Both | Delivery modality (telephone); Treatment dose (duration; shortened session duration); Treatment dose (timing; intervention sessions scheduled based on the participant’s chemotherapy regime); Setting (delivered in the clinic while patients are undergoing chemotherapy infusion) | Content (education about cancerassociated circadian disruption) |
| 47. Pigeon et al., 2017 | Veterans with a diagnosis of MDD and sleep problems | Brief CBT-I | Surface | Delivery modality (telephone); Setting (primary care) | - |
| 53. Pigeon et al., 2019 | Veterans | Brief CBT-I | Surface | Setting (safe location: Veterans hospital) | - |
| 48. Scogin et al., 2018 | Rural middle-aged and older adults | Integrated CBTD+CBT-I | Both | Delivery modality (video conferencing) | Linguistic (adjustment of materials to literacy level); Sociocultural strategies and cultural values (research psychotherapists also participated in a cultural sensitivity workshop) |
| 49. Ulmer et al., 2011 | Veterans with PTSD | CBT-I, IRT | Both | Setting (safe location: veterans hospital) | Content (trauma-related sleep disturbances) |
| Cognitive Processing Therapy | |||||
| 78. Galovski et al., 2016 | Women interpersonal assault survivors | CPT,H | None | - | - |
| 79. Galovski et al., 2009 | Women sexual assault survivors suffering from PTSD | CPT | None | - | - |
| 80. Gutner et al., 2013 | Women rape victims with PTSD | CPT | None | - | - |
| Complementary and Alternative Therapy | |||||
| 55. Innes & Selfe, 2012 | Older women | Y | Both | Constituent-involving strategy (use of role models: designed and taught by a senior Iyengar yoga instructor with over 30 years of experience) | Core component (designed for older, sedentary adults) |
| 56. Irwin et al., 2017 | Breast cancer survivors with insomnia | TCC | None | - | - |
| 61. Jamison et al., 2019 | Veterans with current or recent PTSD | CART | Surface | Treatment dose (intensity; respiration rate of nine breaths per minute) | - |
| 58. Nakamura et al., 2011 | Veterans with selfreported sleep disturbance | MBB | Surface | Setting (safe location: Veterans hospital) | - |
| 57. Nakamura et al., 2017 | Veterans with Gulf War Illness Symptoms | MBB | None | - | - |
| 59. Nidich et al., 2016 | Men in prison | TM | None | - | - |
| 62. Porter et al., 2019 | Women with metastatic breast cancer | Y | Deep | - | Core component (designed mindful yoga program to meet the needs of women with MBC) |
| 60. Stoerkel et al., 2018 | Women with breast cancer for whom surgery would be there initial treatment | SCT | None | - | - |
| Eclectic Therapy | |||||
| 85. Alschuler et al., 2018 | Adults with multiple sclerosis that causes disability | RI | Surface | Delivery modality (telephone, group setting) | - |
| 86. Church et al., 2016 | Veterans with PTSD | TAU,EFT | None | - | - |
| 87. Kahn et al., 2016 | Veterans | MR | Both | Delivery modality (online) | Involvement of family (veteranpartner dyads) |
| Imagery Rehearsal Therapy | |||||
| 89. Cook et al., 2010 | Male veterans with chronic, severe PTSD | IRT | Both | Delivery modality (group setting); Setting (safe location: Veterans hospital) | Content (addressed combat-related nightmares) |
| 90. Harb et al., 2019 | Veterans | IR,CBT-I | Both | Setting (safe location: Veterans hospital) | Core component (no sleep restriction; combined CBT-I elements and IRT) |
| 88. Krakow et al., 2001 | Women sexual assault survivors with PTSD | IRT | None | - | - |
| Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction | |||||
| 81. Cash et al., 2015 | Women with fibromyalgia | MBSR | None | - | - |
| 82. Lengacher et al., 2015 | Women diagnosed with breast cancer | MBSR | Both | Delivery modality (group settings); Treatment duration (shortened number of sessions) | Content (fear of recurrence, physical emotional symptoms) |
| 83. Shapiro et al., 2003 | Women with Stage II breast cancer who were cancer-free at the time of the study | MBSR | Surface | Treatment dose (timing; intervention delivered after completion of cancer treatment due to peak in stress) | - |
| 84. Witek Janusek et al., 2019 | Women with breast cancer | MBSR | Surface | Setting (safe location: Cancer wellness center) | - |
| Problem-solving Therapy | |||||
| 91. Bedford et al., 2018 | College student veterans with at least mild depression | ePST | None | - | - |
Note: Reference number precedes author name in Article column. ACT=Acceptance and Commitment Therapy; BBT-CI=Brief Behavioral Therapy for Cancer-Related Insomnia; BT=Behavioral Therapy; BTI-MV=Brief Behavioral Treatment of Insomnia; CBT=Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; CBT-I=Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia; CPT=Cognitive Processing Therapy; EFT=Clinical Emotional Freedom Techniques; ePST=computer guided Problem-Solving Treatment; H=Hypnosis; IRT=Imagery Rehearsal Therapy; Integrated CBT-D+CBT-I= Integrated CBT (CBT for depression and CBT for insomnia); IVR-CBT=Interactive voice response-based cognitive behavioral therapy; MBB=Mind-body Bridging; M-BET=Multicomponent behavioral combined with exercise therapy; MBSR=Mindfulness-based stress reduction; MDD=Major Depressive Disorder; MR=Mission Reconnect program; PTSD=Post-traumatic stress disorder; RI=Resilience intervention; SCT=Self-care toolkit; TAU=Treatment as usual ; TCC=Tai Chi Chih; TM=Transcendental Meditation; VTC-ACT=Video teleconferencing Acceptance and Commitment Therapy; Y=Yoga.
a
Both refers to the conduct of surface-level and deep-level cultural adaptations.