Fig. 1.

An overview of training neural network models based on simulated phylogenetic trees. The BDSS model categorizes individuals as superspreaders (S) or normal spreaders (N), extending the traditional birth–death model parameters R₀ (basic reproductive number) and 1/γ (infectious period). f_ss indicates the fraction of superspreaders in the population, while X_ss represents the ratio of the transmission rate of superspreaders to that of normal spreaders. The BDSS model illustration adapted from PhyloDeep. Seven types of trees, Baseline, Dated Baseline, Dated Resolved, Dated Polytomous, Genetic Baseline, Genetic Resolved, Genetic Polytomous, are detailed in Fig. 2.