Table 1. Patient characteristics, treatments applied, and hospital outcomes comparing the nonintubated (success) with the intubated (failure) groups.a .
| Variables | Whole sample | Group | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nonintubated | Intubated | |||
| N = 180 | n = 131 | n = 49 | ||
| Demographic data | ||||
| Age, years | 55 (45-63) | 54 (41-62) | 57.5 (50.0-67.0) | 0.01 |
| Male | 116 (81.0) | 87 (66.4) | 29 (59.2) | 0.38 |
| SOFA score | 2 (2-2) | 2 (2-2) | 2 (2-3) | 0.06 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 77 (42.8) | 53 (40.4) | 24 (48.9) | 0.34 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 51 (28.3) | 34 (25.9) | 17 (34.6) | 0.24 |
| Obesity | 46 (25.5) | 36 (27.4) | 10 (20.4) | 0.33 |
| Heart failure | 22 (12.2) | 17 (12.9) | 5 (10.2) | 0.61 |
| Cerebrovascular accident | 3 (1.7) | 1 (0.7) | 2 (4.0) | 0.12 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 2 (1.1) | 2 (1.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0.38 |
| COPD | 5 (2.8) | 2 (1.5) | 3 (6.1) | 0.95 |
| Asthma | 6 (3.3) | 6 (4.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0.12 |
| Anxiety | 4 (2.2) | 3 (2.2) | 1 (2.0) | 0.92 |
| Other | 17 (9.4) | 12 (9.1) | 5 (10.2) | 0.83 |
| None | 53 (29.4) | 43 (32.8) | 10 (20.4) | 0.10 |
| Radiological and laboratory data | ||||
| Pulmonary involvement on chest CT | ||||
| ≤ 50% | 39 (21.7) | 33 (25.2) | 6 (12.2) | 0.03 |
| 51-75% | 101 (56.1) | 77 (58.0) | 24 (49.0) | |
| > 75% | 40 (22.2) | 21 (16.0) | 19 (38.8) | |
| Hemoglobin = 13-18 g/dL | 13.5 (12.6-14.5) | 13.6 (12.6-14.5) | 12.5 (11.0-13.1) | 0.12 |
| Haematocrit = 40-54% | 40.4 (37.7-43.0) | 40.8 (37.9-43.3) | 39.3 (36.8-42.8) | 0.39 |
| Leucocytes = 4,000-10,000/mm3 | 9050 (7000-12350) | 9700 (7600-13100) | 7700 (5850-9750) | 0.10 |
| Lymphocytes = 1,500-4,500/mm3 | 864 (630-1170) | 911 (634-1283) | 791 (600-975) | 0.02 |
| D-dimer < 0.500 µg/mL) | 810 (530-1160) | 795 (508-1127) | 870 (643-1450) | 0.36 |
| LDH = 140-271UI/L | 381 (303-512) | 365 (285-470) | 407 (261-589) | 0.11 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/dL | 9.6 (6.52-14.6) | 9.0 (6.2-14.5) | 11.9 (9.1-15.2) | 0.01 |
| Urea, mg/dL | 32 (25-42) | 32 (24-41) | 31 (26-43) | 0.84 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.8 (0.66-0.96) | 0.7 (0.6-0.9) | 0.8 (0.6-1.0) | 0.41 |
| Arterial blood gas analysis | ||||
| pH | 7.45 (7.43-7.47) | 7.45 (7.43-7.47) | 7.45 (7.42-7.48) | 0.55 |
| PaCO2, mmHg | 35.8 (32.9-38.2) | 36.8 (33.4-39.1) | 33.7 (31-38.0) | 0.05 |
| PaO2, mmHg | 76 (67.5-89.0) | 76 (68.9-90.5) | 76.2 (62.1-85.3) | 0.18 |
| SaO2, % | 95.2 (93.5-96.6) | 96 (94-98) | 95 (93.0-96.7) | 0.008 |
| Lactate, mmol/L | 1.68 (1.28-2.39) | 1.7 (1.2-2.4) | 1.5 (0.9-2.3) | 0.54 |
| PaO2/FIO2 | 138 (116.5-163) | 142.5 (121.0-163.0) | 117.5 (100.0-141.0) | 0.001 |
| Concomitant medications | ||||
| Dexamethasone | 180 (100) | 131 (100) | 49 (100) | NA |
| Albendazole or ivermectin | 180 (100) | 131 (100) | 49 (100) | NA |
| Deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis | 167 (92.7) | 107 (81.6) | 25 (51.0) | 0.01 |
| Anticoagulation | 13 (7.2) | 24 (18.3) | 24 (48.9) | 0.01 |
| Antibiotics | 173 (96.1) | 124 (94.7) | 49 (100) | 0.1 |
| Days of symptoms preceding ELMO-CPAP use | 10 (8-12) | 10 (8-12) | 10 (7.5-11.5) | 0.86 |
| Duration of 1st ELMO-CPAP session, h | 39 (24-48) | 44 (32.2-48.0) | 24 (17-42) | < 0.001 |
| Total duration of ELMO-CPAP, days | 4 (2-5) | 4 (3-5) | 3 (2-4) | 0.104 |
| Outcomes | ||||
| Length of hospital stay, days | 13 (9-23) | 11 (9-15) | 25 (20-32.7) | < 0.01 |
| In-hospital mortality | 34 (18.9) | 4 (3.0) | 30 (61.2) | 0.001 |
| Complications | ||||
| Pneumothorax | 2 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (4.1) | 0.001 |
| Pneumomediastinum | 9 (5.0) | 5 (3.8) | 4 (8.2) | 0.23 |
a
Data expressed as n (%) or median (IQR).