. 2024 Nov 4;102(12):873–887D. doi: 10.2471/BLT.24.291565

Table 3. Outcome summary of the studies included on the systematic review on associations between sexual health and well-being.

Study	Country	Outcome results
Tracy & Junginger, 2007⁷³	USA	Psychological symptoms were significantly associated (P < 0.001) with: decreased arousal (r: 0.22); orgasm (r: −0.22); satisfaction (r: 0.22); overall sexual functioning (r: −0.21); and increased difficulty with lubrication during sexual activity (r: −0.20)
Davison et al., 2009⁹³	Australia	In univariate analysis, being sexually dissatisfied was associated with lower general psychological well-being (β: 4.75; 95% CI: −8.51 to −0.99). Similar results in a multivariate analysis (β: = 4.73; 95% CI: −8.48 to −0.97)
Rosen et al., 2009³⁷	USA	The odds of sexual distress were elevated for respondents with low desire and self-reported current depression (using antidepressants OR: 1.53; 95% CI: 1.32 to 1.77 or without antidepressant use OR: 1.91; 95% CI: 1.62 to 2.24), with an Short Form Survey social functioning score in the two lowest categories (scores 1–40 OR: 2.00; 95% CI:1.75 to 2.29; and scores 41–50 OR: 1.73; 95% CI:1.51 to 1.98) and with a history of anxiety (OR: 1.61; 95% CI: 1.40 to 1.85)
Sangi-Haghpeyka et al., 2009⁴⁰	USA	Among the female residents, high levels of stress were associated with overall sexual dysfunction (aOR: 3.54; 95% CI: 1.52 to 8.87), low desire (aOR: 2.57; 95% CI: 1.14 to 5.93), arousal problems (aOR: 3.1; 95% CI: 1.28 to 8.44), feeling dissatisfied with sexual life (aOR: 3.92; 95% CI: 1.64 to 10.23). Among the male residents, high levels of stress increased odds for being dissatisfied with sexual life (aOR: 4.94; 95% CI: 2.26 to 11.43) and overall sexual dysfunction (aOR: 7.91; 95% CI: 2.1 to 52.21). All residents who had sexual dysfunction and were dissatisfied with their sex life had significantly lower scores (and percentiles) on quality of life compared with those without any sexual problems and were sexually satisfied (P < 0.05)
Çaliskan et al., 2010³³	Türkiye	Sexual function correlated with well-being scores
Holmberg et al., 2010⁶⁴	Canada	In the same-sex relationship group, the index score correlated negatively (P < 0.001) with the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (r: −0.44), depression (r: −0.40) and stress (r: −0.33) scores. In the mixed-relationship group, the index and inventory scores correlated negatively (P < 0.001 and P < 0.005, respectively) with the anxiety (index r: −0.34 and inventory r: −0.23), stress (index r: −0.29 and inventory r: −0.21) and depression (index r: −0.38 and inventory r: −0.23) scores. The index scores were also correlated with physical symptoms (r: −0.23; P < 0.001) and general health (r: 0.22; P < 0.005). Better sexual satisfaction predicted fewer mental health problems for women in same-sex relationships (β: −0.43, P < 0.01) and for women in mixed-sex relationships (β: −0.44; P < 0.001). Better sexual satisfaction was also a moderately strong predictor of fewer physical health difficulties (β: −0.33; P < 0.01) in the mixed-sex relationship group
Smith et al., 2010⁶⁷	USA	Presenting mild or severe erectile difficulties was associated with reporting depressive symptoms (OR: 2.9; 95% CI:1.71 to 4.91; and OR: 9.3; 95% CI: 3.72 to 23.1, respectively)
Chao et al., 2011⁶¹	China, Taiwan	The model tested the relationships among latent variables of sexual desire and satisfaction. The verification of each dimension indicated an influence of sexual satisfaction on quality of life: sexual desire to sexual satisfaction (PCE: 0.59; P < 0.001), and sexual satisfaction to quality of life (PCE: 0.53; P < 0.001). Sexual desire has an indirect coefficient effect on quality of life of 0.313
Shindel et al., 2011⁶⁸	USA	Higher levels of sexual function were linked to fewer depressive symptoms (OR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.78 to 0.88)
Chang et al., 2012⁷⁴	China, Taiwan	Depression symptoms in early pregnancy were significant negative predictors of overall sexual function (β: −0.51; P < 0.001), arousal (β: −0.08, P: 0.01), lubrication (β: −0.13; P: 0.002), orgasm (β: 0.08, P: 0.002) and pain (β: −0.13; P < 0.001). Depressive symptoms in late pregnancy were significant negative predictors of sexual desire (β: −0.03, P < 0.001) and satisfaction (β: −0.06; P < 0.001)
Ferreira et al., 2012³⁸	Brazil	Sexual quotient final score was associated with perceived quality of life (P: 0.042). A sexual quotient final score of bad to poor was associated with poor quality of life (P: 0.002)
Dogan et al., 2013⁹⁴	Türkiye	Sexual quality of life was positively correlated to happiness (r: 0.42; P < 0.001) and satisfaction with life (r: 0.5, P < 0.001). The model showed that sexual quality of life was a significant positive predictor of happiness (β: 0.44; P < 0.001) and satisfaction with life (β: 0.50; P < 0.001)
Nik-Azin et al., 2013³⁵	Islamic Republic of Iran	Female sexual function had a significant negative weak correlation with anxiety (P < 0.05) and depression(P < 0.01). Significant positive weak correlations between female sexual function and general quality of life, psychological health and environment dimensions were found. Only the depression scores predicted female sexual function significantly (β: −0.22; P < 0.01). Results showed that depression predicted a significant proportion of variance of female sexual function; although weak (R²: 0.043; P < 0.01)
Pastuszak et al., 2013⁷⁷	USA	Significant negative correlations were observed between the total patient questionnaire score and several domains of the erectile function index, including sexual desire (r: 0.21; P: 0.006), intercourse satisfaction (r: 0.29; P < 0.001) and overall satisfaction (r: 0.413; P < 0.001). Each individual question of the sexual desire, intercourse satisfaction and overall satisfaction domains, and one question of the erectile function domain of the erectile function index, showed significant negative correlations with the patient questionnaire score (P < 0.05)
Ribeiro et al., 2014⁷²	Brazil	Women with sexual dysfunction had significantly higher mean total scores on the depression test than women without sexual dysfunction symptoms (14.2+8.9 versus 8.5+6.0, respectively; P < 0.001). Depression (Beck Depression Inventory scores > 21) was seven times higher in pregnant women with sexual dysfunction symptoms than women without sexual dysfunction symptoms (21% versus 3%, respectively; P < 0.001)
Flynn & Gow, 2015⁵⁵	United Kingdom	Frequency and importance of sexual behaviours were positively correlated with quality of life (r: 0.52 and 0.47, respectively; P < 0.001). Sexual frequency was significantly associated with the social relationships domain of the WHO survey (β: 0.225; P < 0.05). Importance of sexual behaviours was a significant predictor of the psychological domain of the WHO survey (β: 0.151; P: 0.047)
Kim & Kang, 2015⁵⁶	Republic of Korea	The degree of depression differed significantly based on the frequency of sexual intercourse with the spouse (F: 9.92; P < 0.001). Individuals with more severe depression had lower intercourse frequency. Quality of life differed significantly according to frequency of intercourse (F: 5.76; P: 0.001). Sexual quality of life predicted quality of life (β: 0.11; P: 0.021)
del Mar Sánchez-Fuentes & Sierra, 2015⁶⁵	Spain	Sexual satisfaction was negatively correlated with psychopathological symptoms for heterosexuals (r: −0.28; P < 0.01) and for homosexuals (r: −0.24; P < 0.01) and positively correlated with better physical health for heterosexuals (r: 0.21; P < 0.01). In heterosexual individuals, sexual satisfaction was predicted by vitality (β: 0.05; P < 0.05) and depression (β: −0.06; P < 0.05; F: 230.92; P < 0.001; R² ; 0.32)
Ghazanfarpour et al., 2016⁵⁰	Islamic Republic of Iran	Women with menopausal symptoms had more sexual problems than women without those symptoms: hot flashes (P: 0.01), headache and neck pains (P: 0.03), reduced physical strength (P: 0.02), weight gain (P: 0.01) and pain or leg cramps (P: 0.03)
Muise et al., 2016⁸⁴	Canada	Sexual frequency had a positive linear association with satisfaction with life, (β: 0.16; P: 0.02) and a significant curvilinear association (β: −0.15; P: 0.03). There was a significant indirect curvilinear effect of sexual frequency on life satisfaction through relationship satisfaction (95% CI: −0.09 to −0.02). However, when relationship satisfaction was included in the model (β: 0.51; P < 0.001) both the linear and curvilinear associations between sexual frequency and well-being did not reach statistical significance
Schlichthorst et al., 2016⁶³	Australia	Sexual difficulties (lack of interest, enjoyment, feeling anxious during sex, not reaching climax or reaching too quickly, and erection difficulties) were linked to self-rated health scores in the well-being survey in both 18–34 and 35–55 age groups (P < 0.05)
Alidost et al., 2017⁵³	Islamic Republic of Iran	Quality of life and age directly correlated with sexual dysfunction, while prenatal anxiety and income were indirectly correlated with sexual dysfunction through quality of life (P < 0.01)
Debrot et al., 2017⁹² (study 1)	USA	Higher sexual frequency was associated with higher life satisfaction (β: 0.26; 95% CI: 0.15 to 0.35) and more frequent affectionate touch (β: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.56 to 0.79). Affectionate touch frequency was associated with greater life satisfaction (β: 0.30; 95% CI: 0.16 to 0.32). Even though reduced, there was a significant indirect effect of sexual frequency on life satisfaction through affectionate touch frequency (β: 0.14; 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.26)
Ellouze et al., 2017⁴⁶	Tunisia	The pain dimension of the Female Sexual Function Index correlated negatively with the depression score, while the satisfaction domain correlated positively with depression (P < 0.05). Sexual satisfaction was also associated with the mental component of the well-being survey (P < 0.05)
Nazarpour et al., 2017³⁹	Islamic Republic of Iran	Female Sexual Function Index total score correlated positively with the WHO survey total score (r: 0.29; P < 0.001). The multiple linear regression analysis showed that the total sexual function score was a predictive factor of the total score of quality of life (β: 0.395; P < 0.001)
Wåhlin-Jacobsen et al., 2017⁸⁹	Denmark	Women who did not use combined hormonal contraceptives, reporting mild depressive symptoms, were at a significantly increased risk of impaired sexual function (OR: 12.8 to 25.3; P < 0.01), sexual distress (OR: 5.0 to 6.1; P < 0.01), low sexual desire (OR: 6.5 to 9.2; P < 0.01), and hypoactive sexual desire disorder (OR: 7.3 to 10.0; P < 0.001)
Worsley et al., 2017⁶⁹	Australia	Severe depressive symptoms were associated with low sexual desire (OR: 1.88; 95% CI: 1.34 to 2.62)
Abedi et al., 2018⁶⁶	Islamic Republic of Iran	All aspects of sexual function and different domains of health-promoting lifestyle were significantly correlated (P < 0.001), except for pain and physical activity. Sexual arousal had the strongest correlation with self-actualization (r: 0.56) while pain had the lowest correlation with stress management (r: 0.07). Women who had better self-actualization were more likely to have better sexual function than other women (OR: 1.10; 95% CI: 1.06 to 1.14). Women who had a higher health responsibility score were more likely to have better sexual function (OR: 1.06; 95% CI: 1.03 to 1.10). Other variables like interpersonal relations and stress management also correlated with sexual function
Nimbi et al., 2018⁷⁵	Italy	Depression was a significant negative predictor of male sexual desire (β: −0.39; SE: 0.42; P < 0.003)
Rezaei et al., 2018⁴⁴	Islamic Republic of Iran	Women with higher sexual function scores had significantly higher quality of life in all subscales of Short Form-36 (P < 0.05). Physical and mental health were positively correlated with all Female Sexual Function Index domains in postpartum women (r: 0.10 to 0.312; P < 0.05), except between pain and general and physical health, and desire and physical function. Physical and mental quality of life were predicted by the total scores of Female Sexual Function Index (OR: 0.49; 95% CI: 0.24 to 0.71 and OR: 0.350; 95% CI: 0.2 to 0.62, respectively)
Chang et al., 2019⁴⁵	China, Taiwan	The physical and mental components summary of health-related quality of life were predicted by the total score of the Female Sexual Function Index (β: 0.17; 95% CI: 0.12 to 0.22 and β: 0.16; 95% CI: 0.10 to 0.22, respectively)
Eleuteri et al., 2019⁵⁹	Italy	Erectile function scores predicted the quality of life scores. Additional analyses demonstrated that each score in the erectile function index contributed to an increase of 0.13 in quality of life score
Jackson et al., 2019⁸⁰	United Kingdom	Declines in sexual frequency were associated with more depressive symptoms (P < 0.001) and poorer quality of life (P < 0.001) in both sexes, and with lower satisfaction with life in women only (P < 0.001). The associations between the declines in sexual frequency and life satisfaction in men differed by age (P: 0.037), particularly in those aged 60–69 years (P: 0.019)
Meira et al., 2019³⁶	Brazil	Women without sexual dysfunction had significantly higher scores on the physical domain and environment (3.6; SD: 0.41; P: 0.02 and 3.37; SD: 0.33; P: 0.05, respectively) than women with sexual dysfunction (3.09; SD: 0.67 and 2.84; SD: 0.40, respectively)
Oh & Kim, 2019⁴⁷	Republic of Korea	Health-related quality of life was a determinant of sexual function during pregnancy (β: 0.18; P: 0.03)
Peixoto et al., 2019⁵¹	Brazil	Sexual desire showed a positive correlation with the Short Form-36 dimensions of vitality (r: 0.46; P: 0.004) and social aspects (r: 0.51; P: 0.001), general health status (r: 0.35; P: 0.03) and mental health (r: 0.38; P: 0.02). Arousal, orgasm and satisfaction with sexual life presented moderate positive relationships with pain (r: 0.40, P: 0.01; r: 0.42, P: 0.01; and r: 0.43. P: 0.009; respectively). Female Sexual Function Index total score was positively related to pain (r: 0.37; P: 0.02). Satisfaction with sexual life was positively related to vitality (r: 0.33; P: 0.04)
Fagundes Ferreira et al., 2020⁴³	Brazil	Women with sexual dysfunction had statistically significantly lower general health (42.05; SD: 13.22) than those without sexual dysfunction (50.03; SD: 11.43; P < 0.001). Female Sexual Function Index correlated positively with all domains of Short Form-36 (e.g. general health r: 0.31; P < 0.05). All correlations were weak, except for vitality (r: 0.42; P < 0.05)
Lu et al., 2020⁶⁰	China	Individuals with no decline in sexual activity had fewer anxiety (6.98; SD: 4.59), depressive symptoms (8.59; SD: 5.62) and higher life satisfaction (42.37; SD: 8.76), compared with individuals that declined sexual frequency (9.86; SD: 5.47; 11.71; SD: 5.53 and 39.80; SD: 9.53; P < 0.001; respectively)
Najimi et al., 2020⁵⁷	Islamic Republic of Iran	There was a positive association between sexual quality of life and general health in older men (r: −0.41; P < 0.001)
NeJhaddadgar et al., 2020⁴¹	Islamic Republic of Iran	Sexual functioning was positively correlated with health status (r: 0.264; P < 0.001)
Bigizadeh et al., 2021³⁴	Islamic Republic of Iran	Women with normal sexual function had higher levels of physical (P < 0.001), psychological (P < 0.01), environmental health (P < 0.05) and social quality of life (P < 0.01), and a greater total quality of life score (P < 0.001) than women with sexual dysfunction. The total score of sexual function was highly correlated with the physical dimension of quality of life (r: 0.60, P < 0.001)
Effati-Daryani et al., 2021⁷¹	Islamic Republic of Iran	There was a significant negative correlation between the total sexual function score and stress (r: −0.203; P < 0.001), anxiety (r: −0.166; P: 0.001) and depression (r: −0.234; P < 0.001). The general linear model indicated mild anxiety to be a significant negative predictor of sexual function (adjusted β: −3.32; 95% CI: −5.70 to −0.94)
Fasero et al., 2021⁴⁹	Spain	Cervantes-SF correlated positive with female sexual function (ρ: 0.223; P < 0.001). The final logistic regression model identified the use of vaginal hormonal treatment as an independent factor related to sexual function score (βexp: 1.759; 95% CI: 1.05 to 2.96)
Jalali et al., 2021⁴⁸	Islamic Republic of Iran	The total scores of sexual self-efficacy measure and menopause-specific quality of life were correlated (r: 0.31; P < 0.001). Most dimensions of the menopause-specific quality of life were significantly correlated to the sexual self-efficacy dimensions, with the exception of the vasomotor dimension. Sexual desire was a significant predictor of Menopause-Specific Quality of Life 's score (β: 0.20; P < 0.001)
Mollaioli et al., 2021⁸²	Italy	Higher General Anxiety Disorder and patient questionnaire scores were presented by participants reporting no sexual activity during COVID-19 movement restrictions (β: 0.89; SE: 0.39; P < 0.05; β: 0.94; SE: 0.45; P < 0.05; respectively). Sexually active participants had a significantly lower risk of developing anxiety and depression than those who were not sexually active during the movement restrictions (OR: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.12 to 1.57 and OR: 1.34; 95% CI: 1.15 to 1.57, respectively). Psychological distress had a direct negative effect on sexual health (sexual well-being indices; β: −0.23; P < 0.0001 in men and β : −0.21; P < 0.001 in women). Frequency of sexual activity was a protective mediator between psychological distress (β: −0.18; P < 0.001 in men and β: −0.14; P < 0.001 in women) and sexual health (β: 0.43; P < 0.001 in men and β: 0.31; P < 0.001 in women)
Soler et al., 2021⁷⁰	Spain	Anxiety negatively predicted men's desire (β: −0.16; P < 0.001) and arousal (β: −0.22; P < 0.001). Depression negatively predicted men's erection (β: −0.16; P < 0.01) and satisfaction (β: −0.17; P < 0.01); and women's desire (β: −0.23; P < 0.001) and arousal (β: −0.26; P < 0.001). Somatization had a negative association (β: −0.12; P < 0.05) with men's desire
Vedovo et al., 2021⁵²	Italy	Overall sexual function correlated with depression symptoms in both trans (r: 0.53; P ≤ 0.001) and cisgender women (r: −0.47; P ≤ 0.01). The mental component of quality of life for both trans (r: −0.71; P ≤ 0.001) and cis women (r: 0.57; P ≤ 0.001) also correlated with sexual function. The physical component of quality of life only correlated with sexual function in transgender women (r: −0.31; P ≤ 0.05). The multiple regression analysis showed that the dissatisfaction dimension from the operated Male to Female Sexual Function Index scale contributed to the estimation of the mental component of quality of life in transgender women (β:−0.29; P ≤ 0.05), while sexual desire emerged in cisgender women (β: 0.35; P ≤ 0.05)
Chatterjee et al., 2022⁵⁴	India	Erection and lubrication function was predicted by depression (β: 0.19; 95% CI: 0.06 to 0.32) and the presence of comorbidities (β: 0.53; 95% CI: 0.22 to 0.84). Depression predicted problems in orgasm (β: 0.45; 95% CI: 0.19 to 0.71). Depression (β: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.35 to 0.81) and anxiety (β: 0.28; 95% CI: 0.09 to 0.47) predicted less orgasmic satisfaction. Overall sexual dysfunction was predicted by depression (β: 0.3; 95% CI: 0.14 to 0.46
Gil-Salmerón et al., 2022⁸¹	Spain	Participants with higher levels of depression were associated with significantly lower sexual activity in the fully adjusted model (OR: 0.09; 95% CI: 0.01–0.61). Mild anxiety level was associated with lower sexual activity (OR: 0.40; 95% CI: 0.19 to 0.84). Only four participants had severe anxiety and were excluded from the analysis
Khorshidi et al., 2022⁸⁶	Islamic Republic of Iran	Monthly frequency of sexual intercourse (r: 0.26; P < 0.001), sexual distress (r: −0.61; P < 0.001) and psychological distress (r: −0.44; P < 0.001) were significantly associated with women’s sexual quality of life. Psychological distress (β: −0.42; P < 0.001), monthly frequency of sexual intercourse (β: 0.20; P < 0.001) and sexual distress (β: −0.14; P < 0.001) were significant predictors of women’s sexual quality of life
Oveisi et al., 2022⁸⁸	Canada	Sexual quality of life was a significant positive predictor of mental well-being and self-perceived health status, with each one-unit increase in sexual quality of life associated with a 0.35 increase in mental well-being (95% CI: 0.105 to 0.428)
Pollard; 2022⁹⁵	USA	Depressive symptoms were negatively correlated with sexual satisfaction (r: −0.13; P < 0.05)
Ryu et al., 2022⁷⁶	Republic of Korea	Quality of life was negative correlated with depression (r: −0.51; P < 0.001), while self-efficacy (r: 0.52; P < 0.001) and sexual function (r: 0.35; P < 0.001) showed a positive correlation. Depression negatively correlated with self-efficacy (r: −0.31; P < 0.001) and sexual function (r: −0.30; P < 0.001). Self-efficacy was positively correlated with sexual function (r: 0.27; P < 0.001)
de Souza Júnior et al., 2022⁵⁸	Brazil	General sexual functioning correlated positively with general quality of life (ρ: 0.325; P < 0.001)
Bahrami et al., 2023⁹¹	Islamic Republic of Iran	Sexual functioning was the strongest predictor of life satisfaction among Iranian married women(β: 0.17; P: 0.009)
Boyacıoğlu et al., 2023⁷⁹	Türkiye	Sexual experiences moderately correlated positively with the general health scores (r: 0.327) and negatively with the control, autonomy, self-realization and pleasure scores (r: 0.77). Participants without a partner, sexual activity or feelings of sexual attractiveness seemed to experience more sexual dysfunction and psychological problems, and lower quality of life. Older people with sexual dysfunction presented lower general health scores and lower quality of life levels
Florkiewicz-Danel et al., 2023⁸³	Poland	There were no significant associations between the frequency of sexual intercourse, sexual functioning, satisfaction and mental health
Gök et al., 2023⁸⁷	Türkiye	Women who used a traditional family planning method, had an unintended pregnancy, an abortion or more than two pregnancies, low levels of social support and depressive symptoms had significantly lower quality of sexual life (P < 0.05). The quality of sexual life correlated positively with depression (r: 0.416; P < 0.001) and social support (total score r: 0.373; P < 0.001; family subscale r: 0.417; P < 0.001; and friends subscale r: 0.324; P < 0.001). The presence of sexual problems (OR: 2.72; 95% CI: 1.51 to 4.88) and social support (OR: 3.65; 95% CI: 2.45 to 5.43) were unique predictors of sexual quality of life
Karakose et al., 2023⁸⁵	USA	Wives' sexual satisfaction was predicted by own stress (estimate: −1.27; SE: 0.49; P < 0.01) and depression (estimate: −1.26; SE: 0.49; P < 0.05) and husbands' depression (estimate: −0.95; SE: 0.48; P < 0.01). Husbands' sexual satisfaction was predicted by own depression (estimate: −1.88; SE: 0.40; P < 0.001), anxiety (estimate: −1.57; SE: 0.49; P < 0.001) and stress (estimate: −1.57; SE: 0.38; P < 0.001)
Pasha et al., 2023⁴²	Islamic Republic of Iran	Sexual function score correlated inversely with mental health (ρ: −0.430; P < 0.001), physical complications (ρ: −0.394, P < 0.0001), anxiety and insomnia (ρ: −0.314; P < 0.001), social dysfunction (ρ: = −0.262; P < 0.004) and depression (ρ: −0.409; P < 0.001). The findings on the predictors of sexual health on the mental health of married women showed a significant inverse association between sexual health and mental health and its dimensions (P < 0.05). The linear regression analysis showed that the variables of sexual health (β: −0.430; P < 0.001) were predictors of mental health. Sexual health factors explained 18.5% of mental health variance
Tavares et al., 2023⁹⁰	Portugal	Couples in discrepant sexual function class showed increased levels of anxiety and depression in women at 20 weeks of pregnancy (χ²: 7.72; P: 0.005 andχ²: 7.61; P: 0.006, respectively) and 3 months postpartum (χ²: 6.87; P: 0.009 and χ²: 14.29; P < 0.001, respectively) compared to couples in the high sexual function class. Couples in the low sexual distress class presented lower levels of anxiety and depression at baseline for pregnant women (χ²: 31.63; P < 0.001 and; χ²: 21.94; P < 0.001, respectively) and for fathers (χ²: 17.69; P < 0.001 and χ²: 15.14; P < 0.001, respectively), and at 3 months postpartum (χ²: 33.14; P < 0.001 and χ²: 15.03, P < 0.001, respectively, for mothers, and χ²: 10.2, P < 0.001 and χ²: 19.4; P < 0.001, respectively, for fathers)
Cabo et al., 2024⁶²	USA	Higher erectile function and lower premature ejaculation scores, better overall health-related quality of life and having a sexual partner within the last month were associated with an increased likelihood of overall sexual satisfaction. When stratified by age, higher erectile function scores were consistently positively associated with sexual satisfaction (OR: 1.18; 95% CI: 1.15 to 1.22) and independently associated with improved overall health-related quality of life (β: 0.71; SE: 0.08; P < 0.001)
Przydacz et al., 2024⁷⁸	Poland	Sexual variables were significantly associated with mental health

aOR: adjusted odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; OR: odds ratio; PCE: path coefficient estimates; SD: standard deviation; SE: standard error; WHO: World Health Organization.