Figure 1. TLR-9 independent ODN-induced protection against pneumonia.

(A and B) Wild-type or Tlr9^–/– mice were challenged with lethal doses of (A) P. aeruginosa or (B) influenza A virus 24 hours after nebulized treatment with PBS, Pam2, ODN, or Pam2ODN. *P < 0.01 vs. PBS-treated syngeneic mice, †P < 0.05 vs. Pam2ODN-treated Tlr9^–/– mice, ‡P < 0.01 vs. Pam2-treated syngeneic mice, all by log-rank test (Mantel-Cox method).