Figure 6. Single-ligand ODN treatment induced protection against viral pneumonia in TLR9, RIG-I, MyD88, and MAVS mutant mice.

(A) Rigi^–/– or wild-type littermates, (B) wild-type mice and Tlr9^–/– mice, (C) Mavs^–/– mice, (D) Tlr9^–/–;Mavs^–/– mice, or (E) MyD88^–/–;Mavs^–/– mice were challenged with inhaled influenza A virus at an inoculum that is generally sublethal in wild-type mice (2 × 10⁴ PFU) 24 hours after nebulized treatment with PBS or single-ligand ODN. Shown is mouse survival after infection. *P < 0.05 vs. PBS-treated syngeneic mice, †P < 0.001 vs. PBS-treated wild-type mice by log-rank test (Mantel-Cox method).